简介:

深圳市宝安区人民医院（深圳大学第二附属医院、深圳市第八人民医院）始建于1984年，2011年评定为综合性“三级甲等”医院，是深圳市西部急救、医疗、康复、教学、科研和公共卫生的重要基地，先后荣获“全国百佳医院”、“国家级青年文明号”、“全国卫生系统先进集体”、“全国卫生文化建设先进单位”、“全国卫生系统行风建设先进集体”、“全国卫生系统思想政治工作先进单位”等殊荣。医院占地面积5.3万平方米，总建筑面积14万平方米，编制床位1250张，实际开放床位1097张。医院二期改扩建项目总投资60亿元，建筑面积66万平方米，规划床位3300张，将于2024年开始逐步交付使用。医院现有职工2348人，其中高级职称505人，博士生导师10人，硕士生导师36人，博士研究生90人，硕士研究生418人。深圳市地方级领军人才1人，海外高层次人才C类4人，深圳市后备人才7人。在全国学术团体中，有国家级学会专业组主任委员及副主任委员共7名，省级学会主任委员及副主任委员共21名，深圳市级学会主任委员及副主任委员55名。医院设有46个临床学科，15个医技科室，19个社区健康服务中心，形成完备的内、外、妇产、儿、五官、医技等的三级医院学科体系。医院创建了省级重点学科2个（急诊医学科、临床护理）、深圳市医学重点学科1个（急诊医学科），区重点学科9个（急诊医学科、创伤骨科、肾病科、康复医学科、内分泌科、泌尿外科、重症医学科、普通外科、脊柱外科）。目前医院已建成5大急救中心（胸痛中心、创伤中心、卒中中心、重症孕产妇救治中心、危重儿童及危重新生儿救治中心），其中胸痛中心和卒中中心分别获得中国胸痛中心和中国卒中中心认证。在2020—2021年中国医院科技量值排行榜中，我院急诊科排名均为100名以内，是唯一进入全国百强的县区级医院急诊医学科。医院先后引进解放军总医院付小兵院士创伤团队、福建中医药大学陈立典教授康复团队、北京协和医院于学忠教授急诊医学团队、广东省心血管病研究所陈纪言教授团队、澳大利亚昆士兰大学脑研究院团队等五个高水平“三名工程”学术团队。依托医学“三名工程”和高层次医学团队，医院不断开展新技术、新项目，大病重病救治能力持续提升。腹腔镜全膀胱切除术/肾盂癌根治术/前列腺癌根治术、显微镜联合计算机导航上颈椎畸形减压复位固定融合术、巨大肝癌极限肝切除术、复杂下肢畸形微创矫形术/胫骨横向骨搬移（TTT）技术、高位动静脉内瘘翻转术/人造血管动静脉内瘘成形术、ERCP胆道取石术/经口食道括约肌切除术等，在区域内处于领先水平；颅内动脉狭窄支架成形术、颅内动脉狭窄球囊扩张术等达到省市领先水平。现有固定资产10.32亿元，其中设备资产8.47亿元，拥有原值大于1万元医疗设备3226台/套，100万以上设备183台，1000万以上设备6台。医院拥有西门子3.0TMRI2台，64排螺旋CT2台，DSA2台，高档四维彩超仪多台，可实现术中CT导航的O型臂系统1套，骨科3D打印设备1台，可用于神经外科及骨科手术的手术导航系统1套，全自动生化流水线等大型先进医疗设备。医院坚持医教研协同发展，1998年被评定为广东省高等医学院校教学医院，2015年建立深圳市博士后创新实践基地，2016年经评审成为广东医科大学宝安临床医学院、广东省住院医师规范化培训协同单位，2018年挂牌深圳大学第二附属医院。在教学管理上，形成“教学管理委员会－科教科－教研室（组）”三级管理体系，院长任主任委员；成立了内科、外科、妇产、儿科、急诊、全科、口腔、麻醉共8个教研室、35个临床教学组。2019—2022年，共接收“3+2”模式临床医学专业理论授课及随堂见习小班化教学236人、“2+2”模式护理专业191人；接收医疗实习生1195人、护理实习生522人；累计招收全科医师34人；累计招收硕士研究生89名，全日制博士研究生1名，其中66名研究生完成毕业论文答辩并顺利毕业；先后培养博士后5名。近5年医院获批科研立项共317项，其中国家自然科学基金6项，省部级课题8项，市厅级课题39项，区局级264项；累计发表论文1012篇，其中SCI论文151篇，北大中文核心期刊121篇，中国科技论文统计源期刊182篇；累计出版专著45部；累计获得授权专利46项。2019年“骨与关节多组织损伤创新型模型构建及分子治疗的基础研究”荣获深圳市科学技术奖自然科学奖二等奖。医院在打造基层区域医疗中心和医疗集团化建设过程中，不断创新“两融合一协同”的服务模式，搭建起以宝安区人民医院互联网医院为平台、九大“智慧医学服务中心”为支撑的5G互联网智慧医疗服务体系，在不断探索“AI+5G+云”等新一代技术深度融入医疗服务过程中，平台逐步实现“医疗集团上下（1家区域三甲综合医院+1家街道三级医院+1家分院+32家社区健康服务中心）”和“医共体内外（三甲医院+对口帮扶县人民医院+区域合作医疗机构+合作企业门诊部）”的处方评审、病理诊断、心电诊断、超声诊断、影像诊断、检验危急值管理等远程医疗服务的高度同质化、精准化和高效化，打造出“一点触网，全网协同”的智慧医疗服务“宝安样板间”。医院十分重视党建工作，实行党委领导下的院长负责制，健全组织领导体系，优化党支部设置，目前有党员706名，下设17个党支部，落实“把支部建在科室上”。院党委2020年获评“深圳市先进基层党组织”、“深圳市抗击新冠肺炎疫情先进集体”、深圳市委卫生工委“2019—2020年度先进基层党组织”荣誉等。2019年创新开展“党员志愿者到人民中去”活动，获评健康报2019年“寻找卫生健康基层党建创新案例”活动“创新案例奖”、2020年深圳市现代医院管理创新项目“簕杜鹃”奖、“2019年度宝安区党建创新示范项目”等，该项目被宝安区委写进2021年度党建工作报告。风雨荣光四十载，继往开来谱新篇。宝医人将秉承“厚德、敬业、精医、卓越”的院训，坚持“生命至上，医术至精，服务至诚”的办院理念，扬帆起航，为将宝安区人民医院建设成为高水平三级甲等综合医院而不懈奋斗。由于体内雌激素水平下降,乳腺腺体萎缩导致的乳房体积缩小或乳房松垂。多见于哺乳期后及绝经期后妇女，体内雌激素水平下降，乳房，激素治疗，乳腺癌，忌口油脂类食物,忌食生冷和辛辣等刺激性的食物。，一般临床的望、触即可做出诊断，。

true 许向前主任医师

三级甲等深圳市宝安区人民医院

好评率：- 接诊量：- 平均响应：-

脱发、痤疮（痘痘）、湿疹，皮炎，荨麻疹，性传播疾病等

true 孔庆元副主任医师

三级甲等深圳市宝安区人民医院

好评率：- 接诊量：- 平均响应：-

肝脏、胆囊、胆管、胰腺、胃、小肠、结直肠、腹外疝等常见病、危重症、疑难杂症的诊断与治疗。尤其擅长胃癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、胃肠间质瘤以及各种腹外疝（腹股沟疝、股疝、脐疝、切口疝、白线疝等）的微创手术及胃肠道恶性肿瘤的综合治疗。熟练掌握各种腹腔镜手术及消化内镜的诊疗。

false 王霞副主任医师

三级甲等深圳市宝安区人民医院

好评率：- 接诊量：- 平均响应：-

婚恋关系咨询、个人成长咨询、亲子关系咨询及各种类神经症、抑郁症等的心理咨询和治疗。

false 邱立副主任医师

三级甲等深圳市宝安区人民医院

好评率：- 接诊量：- 平均响应：-

临床病理诊断，特别是女性生殖系统，淋巴造血系统

true 张泉水主任医师

三级甲等深圳市宝安区人民医院

好评率：- 接诊量：- 平均响应：-

心理咨询，睡眠

true 卢震辉主任医师

三级其他深圳市前海蛇口自贸区医院

好评率：99% 接诊量：1791 平均响应：-

肝癌、胆管癌、胆管结石、胆囊结石、胰腺疾病等

true 黄呈辉主任医师

三级甲等深圳市宝安区人民医院

好评率：95% 接诊量：24 平均响应：2小时

主要从事肝病和感染病临床工作，擅长乙肝、丙肝、肝硬化、脂肪肝、自身免疫肝病和疑难肝病等诊治

true 柳晖主任医师

三级甲等深圳市宝安区人民医院

好评率：100% 接诊量：9 平均响应：-

重睑术，眼袋切除，瘢痕综合治疗，微整形，脂肪注射，烧伤重症救治，慢性创面修复。

true 刘尚典副主任医师

三级甲等深圳市宝安区人民医院

好评率：100% 接诊量：54 平均响应：-

冠心病，心脏瓣膜病，先天性心脏病，主动脉疾病的外科诊治；微创心外科。参与心脏置换5例。对重症心脏病患者，心脏终末期患者的治疗有自己独到的见解。

true 杨梅主治医师

三级甲等深圳市宝安区人民医院

好评率：99% 接诊量：5864 平均响应：15分钟

新型冠状病毒肺炎，社区获得性肺炎，高血压，糖尿病，冠心病，痛风，幽门螺旋杆菌感染，慢性胃炎，肝病

接诊医生：

2024-10-31 13:19:12

科普文章

乳房萎缩是什么原因造成的？

乳腺萎缩的原因主要包括年龄因素、雌激素分泌异常、慢性乳腺炎等。

1.年龄因素：随着年龄的增长，女性的性激素水平分泌可出现变化，特别是更年期后，雌激素分泌减少，可导致乳腺组织出现萎缩的现象。

2.雌激素分泌异常：如多囊卵巢综合征、甲状腺功能异常等，这些疾病可导致患者体内的雌激素或黄体酮功能不足。雌激素分泌减少可影响到乳房的生长，进而导致乳腺萎缩的出现，还可伴随着月经不调等症状。

3.慢性乳腺炎：一般是因为急性乳腺炎治疗不当而引起，可导致患者乳房出现肿胀和疼痛感，随着病情的持续存在，也可导致乳腺萎缩的现象。

一旦出现乳房萎缩的情况，需尽快到医院就诊，在医生的指导下进行合理治疗。

切子宫后会变老吗？

切子宫后我会变老吗？

这是一个绝大多数得了妇科疾病需要通过切子宫治疗女性最关心的问题，肯定的是，切除子宫后，妇女两种功能就丧失了：一是不会再有月经，二是不能怀孕生育。对于这两种情况，准备手术的女性都能理解。实际上，很多女性担心的是宫切除后会迅速变老吗？影响性生活吗？会变成男的吗？

子宫切除后会变老吗？这主要取决于切除子宫时是否同时切除卵巢。子宫只是生殖道的器官之一，卵巢才是分泌性激素的器官，当卵巢功能衰退后，女性就进入更年期，月经也就停止了。因此，对于卵巢功能正常的妇女，如果切除子宫时保留卵巢，通常不会加快更年期的到来。术后除了不再来月经之外，卵巢会象术前一样分泌激素并作用于外阴、阴道、乳房等器官，所以不会出现乳房萎缩、阴道干涩及潮热、出汗、烦躁等症状。但是如果切除子宫时同时切除卵巢，确会很快出现更年期症状。但是可以通过妇科内分泌医生的指导下适当给予激素补充治疗，缓解症状并预防骨质疏松症。

子宫切除术影响性生活吗？实际上经过测量统计，除非恶性肿瘤需切除较长的阴道外，子宫全切术后的阴道长度与手术前基本相同，所以不会对性交造成障碍。从前认为宫颈在性交过程中对润滑阴道起一定作用，经过深入研究也被否定了。如果卵巢保留，仍会有雌激素产生。如果卵巢也一起切除，由于雌激素的缺乏，会出现乳房萎缩、阴道干涩及性欲下降等，会对性生活造成一定影响，通过补充外源性雌激素可有效改善症状。

子宫切除后会变成男的吗？切除了子宫后绝不会变成男的！因为子宫只是卵巢的下级器官，卵巢对女性的形体保持有决定作用。而且，即使切除了双侧卵巢，同样不会变成男的。

女性乳房下垂的原因及类型

成年女性到一定年龄后(尤其是哺乳后)很多都会出现乳房不同程度的下垂情况，虽然不影响健康，但会严重影响形体美，严重者也会影响日常生活(如很多下垂严重者，乳房下皱璧易发生湿疹、糜烂等)。现就介绍一下乳房下垂的常见原因。

1.产后荷尔蒙的变化造成乳房萎缩。

2.体重的突然减少，也即体型由"胖"到"瘦"。

3.乳房皮肤组织松弛。

4.乳房体积过于肥大，也即"巨乳症"，由于乳房体积过大过重，长时期的重力作用必然导致下垂。

正常成年女性的乳房，乳房下皱璧与乳房下极是在同一平面。如低于此平面就属于下垂。通常可根据下垂程度分 4 种类型：

轻度下垂：乳房下极超过下皱璧 1-2cm。

中度下垂：乳房下极超过下皱璧 2-3cm。

重度下垂：乳房下极超过下皱璧 4-10cm。

特重度下垂：乳房下极超过下皱璧 10cm 以上。

浅析女性乳头整形手术

（Nipple）左右各一，位于第2~4肋间，女性不光是哺乳，而且是性感和形体美的标志。

分为颈部、体部和基底部，的直径正常情况下约10mm表的高度为 7~8mm,临床上直径大于10mm,就称为过大，头长度大于8mm，就称为过高，另外临床上还有表现为颈部短或缺失的扁平，直径小于8mm的小，由于先天因素或后天因素引起的内陷和缺失等，这些都是常见的疾病，除了影响美观、性感和形体美之外，还可能对相应的功能造成影响。

（图一：正常左，内陷右）

由15-20个乳管、平滑肌、致密的结缔组织（Cooper韧带）和丰富的感觉神经末梢所组成，其血供主要来于胸乳内外侧动脉的分支，有深支和浅支供应，行手术时在底部（乳晕）做环形的切口千万不要切得太深，完全离断其深支和浅支动脉，造成坏死。支配的神经来于肋间神经的皮支。

由于社会的发展和进步，人们越来越重视健康与美丽，原先未予重视的疾病、缺陷等门诊病例逐渐增多，很多女性朋友要求整形处理诸如左右的不对称、过大、过小、内陷、过高等问题，同时由于乳腺恶性肿瘤保乳手术开展越来越多，先天性、外伤性等原因造成的（甚至乳晕）缺失患者要求恢复及乳晕复合体，除矫正形体美，更重要的是树立自信心，因此开展及乳晕再造手术的病人也越来越多。

（图二：正常左扁平中凹陷右）

下面就常见的几类整形手术予以综述：

过大（过小）和左右大小不对称，临床上真正的过大是指直径大于 10mm者，但是这也不绝对，临床上往往经常会遇到左右大小几乎正常，但左右不对称的患者要求手术矫正，往往让大的一侧缩小。过大只有通过缩小的手术办法解决，原则上进行缩小要左右一致，一侧可缩小至原来的1/34/2,也就是说可行1/3-1/2的切除。常见的有两种形状，一是圆柱形，二是圆锥形，行缩小手术，纵行切除较多的组织（包括部分的乳管、结缔组织和平滑肌），由于由外向内为菲薄的皮肤、平滑肌、乳管和穿梭乳管之间的结缔组织，环形游离皮瓣剥离难以成功，细心解剖、保留乳管和仅仅切除多余的平滑肌和结缔组织艰难可想而知，同时血运丰富，切除后渗血较多，只有靠紧密细致的缝合止血。对于圆柱形的纵行厚度一致的切除到底部，而对于圆锥形，即颈部大而底部小，一般仅仅行颈部的部分切除就可以了。

过小，目前没有确切的解决办法，采用生物材料填充和注射填充的办法，对于来说都不现实，因此对于过小，临床上主要解决左右对称的问题。

过高，临床上将长度大于8mm的称为过高，过高，需进行缩短，单纯的缩短是根据缩短的长度，在底部做皮肤袖状切除，然后将底部一周的皮肤缝合于乳晕，值得注意的是袖状切除底部一周皮肤时仅仅只能达真皮层，防止术后缺血坏死。

扁平是指颈部短或缺如，其手术矫正的方法同内陷。

内陷是指完全埋藏于乳晕，可或不可以牵拉出，可或不伴有发育小。内陷除影响哺乳、美观，还可继发局部感染和恶变的可能。其病因分为先天性发育异常（原发性）后天因素（继发性），前者常常由于先天性发育导致内乳管发育过短、底部纤维挛缩、底部结缔组织薄弱等引起，而后者由于戴胸罩过小、穿内衣过紧等因素造成，亦可由于局部炎症、哺乳和肿瘤等原因对Cooper韧带的影响造成。大多文献根据内陷的程度进行分类，并根据分类指导临床采用相应的方式治疗。轻度（一型）内陷：平时埋藏于乳晕内，很容易牵拉出，无发育小；中度（二型）内陷：埋藏于乳晕，能牵拉出，常常伴有发育小；重度（三型）内陷：埋藏于乳晕，无法牵拉出。对于内陷的治疗，原则上要考虑内陷的程度，和是否需要哺乳的情况。轻中度内陷常采用非手术治疗，如自己牵引、负压吸引等；对于重度的内陷,手术治疗是首选的最有效治疗手段，对要求今后哺乳的女性，一是采取微创的安放牵引支架，一般牵引半年，有良好的效果，但常常有生活不便；二是进行所谓保留乳腺导管的内陷手术；对不需要哺乳的内陷者，可采取不需保留乳腺管手术的办法。

（图三：支架法治疗乳头内陷1、2、3）

1

2

3

不需保留乳腺管的乳头内陷手术，是采用乳头中间纵行切口切至乳头底部并横向延长切口至乳晕，也可采用乳晕弧形切口游离至乳头底部，彻底分离切断挛缩、粘连的维束，切断乳管，这时底部往往十分薄弱和空虚，需采用转移的翻转三角皮瓣缝合填充或采用^物$料如脱细胞异体真皮填充，近年来多报道乳头底部填充后再采用荷包缝合，进一步让乳头突出，但注意的是荷包打结不要太紧，防止乳头缺血。

（图四：一、二、三型乳头内陷的治疗方法）

保留乳管的乳头内陷手术，这一方式要相当有经验的医师手术，所有的游离、分离均保留乳管，原则上只切断乳头底部挛缩、粘连的纤维束，过短的乳管切断其粘连后让其伸直，发育引起的乳管过短若确实影响手术效果，可部分切断，该手术十分细致，其最大的并发症是内陷改善和乳头伸直效果有局限性，但临床报道其治疗效果满意。

（图五：乳头内陷的手术治疗）

临床上先天性乳头缺失罕见，后天性由于外伤、手术造成的乳头缺失是常见的原P，另外由于乳腺癌行乳癌根治术，术后造成的乳头和乳晕复合体缺失的病例越来越多，行乳房重建的同时，需同时完成乳头及乳晕再造手术。对于乳头的再造，临床上采用的办法：一是如对侧乳头长度大于7mm，可切除3mm，再造于缺失侧；二是双侧乳头缺失采用转移胸部皮瓣、耳郭后皮瓣、肋软骨、会阴部皮瓣等再造。对于乳晕的再造常常采用会阴部皮瓣、纹绣等办法。

值得注意的是临床上常常会面临几个乳头问题的同时整形矫正，如乳头过大伴有乳头过长；乳头内陷伴有乳头过小等，其手术切口和手术方式及功能都要有所兼顾，并注意乳房大小和左右对称性。

乳头内陷具体手术方法：

一、乳头内陷去表皮乳晕三角皮瓣支撑法，该法由Lee等首先报道，我国邢新等人采用此法治疗乳头内陷，效果满意，可用于轻、中、重度乳头凹陷整复。

其优点：手术简便，易于掌握；乳头血运及感觉保护较好；去表皮三角瓣填充乳头下，增加乳头体积的同时又可加强乳头下支撑力；V-y缝合创面使三角瓣蒂部向乳头中央靠拢，乳头更为突出；切口瘢痕少而不明显；乳头形态满意。

手术具体步骤：于乳头凹陷裂隙两端乳晕上设计两对应等腰三角形，底边位于乳头基底圆形轮廓线上，呈弧形，两腰长度不超过乳晕范围。切开三角瓣各边达真皮浅层，去除其表皮，然后将三角瓣两腰皮肤全层切开达皮下浅层，并行皮下剥离，形成蒂在乳头基底的乳晕真皮瓣。眼科剪经乳晕真皮瓣蒂部下方分离松解乳头下短缩的纤维结缔组织，必要时可松解切断短缩的乳腺导管，直至与对侧切口贯通，形成乳头下隧道。将两侧乳晕三角真皮瓣填充于乳头下隧道，可在瓣尖穿牵引线，经乳头传出，在乳头顶打凡士林油辅助固定填充的三角真皮瓣。以V-y方式缝合乳晕创面。

二、乳头内陷“井”字形埋线，轻、中度乳头内陷单独采用该法，效果即比较显著，重度乳头内陷需采用该法结合乳晕部皮瓣成形。

该法优点如下：手术方法简便易学；切口瘢痕最小化，轻度乳头凹陷者采用该法术后几乎不留痕迹；乳腺导管几元损伤，对保留哺乳功能要求较高的乳头内陷患者特别适用。

手术具体步骤：乳头缝线牵引上提乳头。于乳晕区横、纵两个方向贯穿乳头基底走“井”字形用3号尼龙线作“U”缝合，远离乳头基底部缝线走行于皮下，打结线结埋于皮下。

乳头内陷手术并发症除感染、血肿、切口裂开等一般手术并发症外，乳头凹陷手术还有如下并发症：

1、乳头坏死常见原因为松解纤维束时破坏乳头深部的血供，乳头颈部狭窄环过紧也可能导致乳头坏死。

2、乳头感觉麻木在切开、剥离、松解过程支配乳头感觉神经受损所致。

3、泌乳障碍重度乳头凹陷者，常常合并乳腺导管短缩，为达到松解彻底效果，需切断乳腺导管，轻、中度者虽不一定需离断乳腺导管，但在松解乳头下方纤维束时可能会损伤乳腺导管，造成哺乳障碍。

4、乳头外形欠佳重度乳头凹陷者往往合并乳头体积不足，在矫正内陷的同时没有注意对抬升后乳头的组织填充，则会使矫正内陷的乳头形态欠佳。

5、乳头内陷复发牵扯乳头的纤维束及导管松解不彻底、感染或血肿机化后组织孪缩、长时间穿着过紧的内衣，术后乳头牵拉锻炼不足等都是导致乳头内陷复发的原因，乳头凹陷程度越重，术后复发可能性越大。

病例31-2023：一名79岁男性，身体不自主运动，一过性反应迟钝

以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。

Presentation of Case

Dr. Carrie Chui (Neurology): A 79-year-old man was admitted to this hospital because of involuntary movements on the left side and transient unresponsiveness.

The patient had been in his usual state of health until 9 months before admission, when involuntary movements of the left shoulder and left side of the face developed. The movements were described by the patient as twitching, were not associated with a change in the level of consciousness, and resolved after 1 to 2 minutes. During the next 6 months, the patient had similar episodes approximately once per month, but the episodes increased in duration, lasting 5 to 6 minutes.

Three months before admission, the episodes of involuntary movements increased in frequency, and the patient was evaluated by his primary care physician. The physical examination was normal. Results of kidney-function tests were normal, as were blood levels of glucose and electrolytes, except for the sodium level, which was 129 mmol per liter (reference range, 135 to 145). There was a history of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, and the sodium level was similar to levels obtained during the past 4 years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head (Figure 1A), performed before and after the administration of intravenous contrast material, revealed a focus of enhancement in the right middle frontal gyrus that was thought to be a small vascular anomaly. Electroencephalography (EEG), performed with the patient in awake and drowsy states, revealed rare, brief, focal slowing in the left temporal lobe during drowsiness; no epileptiform abnormalities were present.

Figure 1

MRI of the Head and CT Angiogram of the Head and Neck.

Two months before admission, the patient was evaluated in the epilepsy clinic affiliated with this hospital. He reported that the episodes of involuntary movements had increased in both frequency and duration, occurring once or twice per day and lasting approximately 10 minutes. Episodes began with tingling and numbness in the left leg that prompted the patient to voluntarily stomp the left foot to relieve the uncomfortable sensation. Then, the patient had involuntary movements that he described as an uncontrollable invisible force moving the left leg and arm, with hyperextension of the arm backward and pronation of the wrist. There was associated numbness in the distal portions of the left third, fourth, and fifth fingers and involuntary movement of the left cheek. No prodromal symptoms occurred. The patient had awareness during the episodes, and after the episodes, he felt fatigued but had a normal level of consciousness, without confusion. The examination in the epilepsy clinic was normal. A diagnosis of seizure disorder was considered, and treatment with levetiracetam was started.

Three weeks before admission, the patient was again evaluated in the epilepsy clinic. He reported that the episodes of involuntary movements still occurred on a daily basis but had decreased in duration and involved only the left leg, without abnormal movements of the arm or face. Dizziness, headache, and weakness had developed and were attributed to the use of levetiracetam. The patient’s family had recorded a video of one of the episodes of involuntary movements. After reviewing the video, the patient’s neurologist thought that the episodes were less likely to be caused by seizures and more consistent with choreoathetoid movements. Cross-tapering of medications — with the simultaneous administration of levetiracetam in decreasing doses and clobazam in increasing doses — was initiated, and the patient was referred to the movement disorders clinic affiliated with this hospital.

On the morning of admission, an episode of involuntary movements of the left leg and left shoulder occurred and persisted for 1 hour. Several hours after the symptoms abated, the patient’s wife found the patient to be unresponsive; he was sitting in a chair. Emergency medical services were called, and when they arrived, the patient was responsive. The fingerstick blood glucose level was 180 mg per deciliter (10.0 mmol per liter) and the blood pressure 110/80 mm Hg. The patient was transported to the emergency department of this hospital for further evaluation.

In the emergency department, the patient reported dysuria and increased urinary frequency. The patient’s daughter noted that he had been more anxious during the past 3 years and occasionally had trouble with memory. Other medical history included Barrett’s esophagus, benign prostatic hypertrophy, chronic hepatitis B virus infection, eczema, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hypertension, nonischemic cardiomyopathy, and osteoporosis. There was no history of head trauma or extended loss of consciousness. Medications included aspirin, atorvastatin, doxazosin, finasteride, omeprazole, metoprolol, sacubitril, and valsartan. There were no known drug allergies. The patient was a lifelong nonsmoker and drank alcohol rarely; he did not use illicit drugs. His mother had had gastric cancer, and his sister had had esophageal cancer; there was no family history of seizures.

On examination, the temporal temperature was 36.8°C, the blood pressure 152/97 mm Hg, the pulse 65 beats per minute, the respiratory rate 16 breaths per minute, and the oxygen saturation 96% while the patient was breathing ambient air. The body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) was 21.7. The blood pressure decreased to 130/63 mm Hg with standing. The patient was alert and interactive. The lower jaw was held to the left, but the nasolabial folds and smile were symmetric with activation. There were nonrhythmic, nonstereotyped, writhing movements of the left arm. Tone was normal, and strength was assessed as 5 out of 5 in the arms and legs. Results of liver-function and kidney-function tests were normal, as were blood levels of glucose and electrolytes, except for the sodium level, which was 125 mmol per liter. The lactate level was 2.1 mmol per liter (19 mg per deciliter; reference range, 0.5 to 2.0 mmol per liter [5 to 18 mg per deciliter]). The urinalysis was normal. Intravenous fluids were administered. Imaging studies were obtained.

Dr. Rajiv Gupta: Computed tomographic (CT) angiography of the head and neck (Figure 1B) revealed extensively calcified plaque with severe stenosis of the distal right common carotid artery (CCA), extending into the proximal right internal carotid artery (ICA), as well as stenosis of the right and left paraclinoid ICAs and the left vertebral artery at its origin. There was no vascular abnormality on the CT angiogram that corresponded to the abnormality in the right middle frontal gyrus seen on the previous MRI.

Dr. Chui: The patient was admitted to the hospital. On the second hospital day, the sodium level had increased to 130 mmol per liter, and the lactate level was normal. Additional imaging studies were obtained.

Dr. Gupta: MRI of the head showed no evidence of acute infarction. The focus of enhancement in the right frontal lobe that had been noted previously was not seen on the current MRI.

Dr. Chui: Blood levels of thyrotropin, cobalamin, and glycated hemoglobin and results of coagulation tests were normal. Screening tests for Lyme disease, tuberculosis, and syphilis were negative, as were tests for antibodies to cardiolipin and β₂-glycoprotein. A test for antinuclear antibodies was positive, at a titer of 1:160 in a homogeneous pattern. During a physical therapy session, the patient had abnormal movements of the left leg, left arm, and left side of the face. The abnormal movements diminished when the patient used distraction techniques, such as thigh tapping, finger snapping, and walking while holding a glass of water.

The transient unresponsiveness that led to the patient’s admission was attributed to a combination of sedation from clobazam and hypovolemia. Treatment with clobazam was stopped, and hydration was encouraged. A diagnosis of functional neurologic disorder was considered; outpatient physical therapy with continued use of distraction techniques was recommended. The patient was discharged home on the third hospital day.

Episodes of involuntary movements continued to occur on a daily basis at home. Two weeks after discharge, when the patient was doing exercises while sitting in a chair and having a conversation with his wife, he suddenly stopped talking. She found him slumped in the chair with his eyes closed, no longer exercising. When she asked him questions, he repeatedly said “yes.” Emergency medical services were called, and when they arrived, the patient was alert, diaphoretic, and nonverbal. He had a facial droop on the left side and a right gaze preference. The fingerstick blood glucose level was 130 mg per deciliter (7.2 mmol per liter) and the blood pressure 120/60 mm Hg. The patient was transported to the emergency department of this hospital for further evaluation.

In the emergency department, the temporal temperature was 36.6°C, the blood pressure 143/63 mm Hg, the pulse 66 beats per minute, the respiratory rate 18 breaths per minute, and the oxygen saturation 98% while the patient was breathing ambient air. He was alert and interactive. There was a facial droop on the left side. There was no effort against gravity in the left arm. The patient was able to lift the left leg off the bed for 1 to 2 seconds. He had a right gaze deviation that could not be overcome and mild dysarthria. The remainder of the examination was normal. A diagnosis of stroke was considered, and emergency CT angiography was performed.

Dr. Gupta: CT angiography showed no evidence of acute territorial infarction and no changes in cerebrovascular disease.

Dr. Chui: On repeat physical examination performed after CT angiography, the gaze deviation and dysarthria had resolved, and strength was normal. Mild facial paralysis was present.

A diagnosis was made.

Differential Diagnosis

Dr. Albert Y. Hung: This 79-year-old man initially presented with involuntary movements of the left shoulder and face without associated loss of consciousness. Diagnosis of an unusual movement disorder, especially one that is present episodically, can be challenging. Videos brought in by the patient can be very useful.¹ Most movement disorders result from abnormal functioning of extrapyramidal circuits involving the basal ganglia, rather than a specific neuroanatomical lesion, and the first step toward diagnosis is to identify the type of abnormal movements.²

Four salient aspects of this patient’s involuntary movements can help in characterizing the movement disorder before generating a differential diagnosis. First, the movements were paroxysmal, lasting for short periods of time with resolution between episodes. Second, the movements were nonstereotyped, appearing randomly and variably. Third, the movements were restricted to the left side of his body throughout the course, localizing the disease process to the right cerebral hemisphere. Finally, the symptoms were progressive, increasing in both duration and frequency.

Movement Disorders

This patient had abnormal involuntary movements, symptoms indicative of a hyperkinetic movement disorder. Tremor, the most common hyperkinetic disorder, is unlikely because the patient did not have rhythmic movements. Dystonia is also unlikely, because he did not have sustained muscle contractions that were causing twisting or abnormal postures of the legs, arms, head, neck, or face. Although the patient initially described the movements as twitching, his later descriptions are not suggestive of myoclonus or tics, which manifest as sudden, rapid, recurrent movements.

This patient’s neurologist described the involuntary movements as “choreoathetoid” after reviewing a video of an episode. Chorea, athetosis, and ballism make up a spectrum of involuntary movements that often occur in combination. Chorea refers to involuntary movements that are “dancelike” — irregular, random, unintended, and flowing from one body part to another. When these movements are slow and writhing (with a lower amplitude) and involve the distal limbs, the term athetosis is used. The presence of both chorea and athetosis in the same patient is referred to as choreoathetosis. When the movements are fast and flinging (with a higher amplitude) and involve the proximal limbs, the term ballism is used. Although the description of this patient’s movements was not clearly suggestive of ballism, hemichorea and hemiballismus often occur together.

The term dyskinesia can refer to any abnormal movements and is often used to describe hyperkinetic disorders that are induced by specific drugs, such as tardive dyskinesia induced by dopamine antagonists or dyskinesia induced by levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Often, dyskinesia manifests as chorea or choreoathetoid movements, but chorea and dyskinesia are not synonymous. This patient appears to have involuntary dyskinesia with choreoathetosis as the primary phenomenology. Before constructing a differential diagnosis for dyskinesia in this patient, I will consider two conditions that mimic dyskinesia: seizures and functional movement disorder.

Seizures

Various movement disorders may be mistaken for seizures, although these movement disorders are not associated with EEG abnormalities during the episode. Patients with some forms of epilepsy may present with abnormal movements without other features that are typically associated with seizures, such as aura, change in responsiveness, incontinence, or a postictal state.^3,4 Seizures were initially suspected in this patient, and he was referred to the epilepsy clinic. Recurrent focal seizures were probably suspected because of the transient nature of the episodes. Initial MRI had shown a small abnormality in the right middle frontal gyrus, but this finding was not seen on follow-up imaging, which makes it unlikely to be related to the overall presentation. Baseline EEG had shown only brief left temporal slowing, without epileptiform abnormalities. The EEG was an interictal study, so the findings do not rule out seizures. However, the slowing was ipsilateral to the abnormal movements, so it is unlikely to be related to the episodes. In addition, the patient’s involuntary movements were nonstereotyped and nonrhythmic, which makes his presentation unlikely to be due to a seizure disorder.

Functional Movement Disorder

Because this patient’s movements diminished with the use of distraction techniques, a diagnosis of functional movement disorder was considered. Most cases of functional movement disorder begin abruptly after a trigger, such as a mild physical injury or illness; a psychological stressor can be present but is not required for diagnosis. Symptoms are typically most severe around the time of onset and may wax and wane over time. Although distractibility is a finding associated with functional disorders, abnormal movements that occur with nonfunctional syndromes can sometimes be suppressed by action or incorporated into voluntary movements in a manner that may appear distractible. Several clinical features in this patient make a diagnosis of functional disorder unlikely. Functional movement disorder is more common in women than in men, and the average age at onset is 40 years.⁵ In addition, tremor is the most common clinical phenotype seen in patients with functional movement disorder; chorea or choreoathetosis, which was seen in this patient, is very unusual in patients with functional movement disorder. Overall, functional movement disorder is unlikely to explain this patient’s presentation.

Dyskinesia

Primary paroxysmal dyskinesia refers to a group of heterogeneous syndromes characterized by recurrent involuntary movements that occur episodically and abruptly, without loss of consciousness.⁶ These disorders usually begin in childhood or young adulthood. Both the age of this patient and the described phenomenology make a diagnosis of primary paroxysmal dyskinesia unlikely.

The differential diagnosis in this case is therefore focused on causes of secondary dyskinesia, of which there are many.⁷ MRI ruled out the presence of a mass lesion suggestive of cancer. The patient had no history of acute illness suggestive of a viral or other infectious encephalitis, and there was no history of trauma or exposure to drugs or other toxins. Although his daughter mentioned trouble with memory, there was no compelling history suggestive of a neurodegenerative disease.

A common metabolic cause of secondary dyskinesia is diabetic striatopathy, a syndrome involving the acute-to-subacute onset of chorea and ballism in the context of hyperglycemia.⁸ This syndrome can occur as the initial manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus or as a complication of poorly controlled diabetes. Diabetic striatopathy is more likely to develop in women than in men, and the average age at onset is 70 years. Most patients present with hemichorea and hemiballismus, rather than bilateral symptoms. CT shows hyperdensity, and T1-weighted MRI shows hyperintensity, in the contralateral basal ganglia. However, this patient had no history of diabetes and had a normal blood glycated hemoglobin level, features that rule out a diagnosis of diabetic striatopathy.

Choreiform movements can also be a manifestation of autoimmune conditions.⁹ This patient’s initial presentation with unilateral shoulder and face movements would have suggested the possibility of faciobrachial dystonic seizures associated with anti–leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 (anti-LGI1) encephalitis.¹⁰ This condition is often associated with hyponatremia, which was present in this patient. However, as the case evolved, leg involvement and sensory changes developed that would be atypical for anti-LGI1 encephalitis.

One key clue in this case is that the patient did not have an isolated movement disorder. In addition to motor symptoms, he had a variety of sensory symptoms involving both the left arm and the left leg. His first hospital admission was precipitated by an episode of unresponsiveness. The clinical event that led to his second presentation to the emergency department was distinctly different: an acute onset of speech difficulty accompanied by left hemiparesis and right gaze deviation that was worrisome for an acute right middle cerebral artery (MCA) syndrome. The symptoms resolved without intervention, which indicates that he may have had an acute transient ischemic attack (TIA). The most relevant imaging finding was severe cerebrovascular disease, including severe stenosis of the distal right CCA and proximal right ICA. Could this patient’s movement disorder be explained by a vascular lesion?

Limb-Shaking TIAs

Limb-shaking TIAs were first described by C. Miller Fisher in 1962.¹¹ In most case reports, these episodes are associated with high-grade stenosis of the ICA, which was seen in this patient.^12,13 The mechanism is thought to be cerebral hypoperfusion, and changes in posture or head position that decrease cerebral blood flow can precipitate these episodes. In this patient, the first episode of unresponsiveness that led to hospital admission occurred when he was sitting. He then had an acute episode involving right gaze preference that was provoked by exercise and was very suggestive of a TIA in the right MCA territory. These findings are highly suggestive of a diagnosis of limb-shaking TIAs, and I would refer this patient for emergency carotid endarterectomy.

Clinical Impression and Initial Management

Dr. Scott B. Silverman: When I evaluated this patient, his transient right gaze preference and left hemiparesis were consistent with a right MCA syndrome due to a TIA from symptomatic severe stenosis of the right ICA. The mechanism of this event was either artery-to-artery embolism or hypoperfusion. His previous, recurrent episodes of transient choreoathetosis on the left side that had occurred mainly while he was sitting, standing, or exercising were consistent with limb-shaking TIAs from hypoperfusion or low flow.

The pathogenesis of a low-flow state related to severe carotid stenosis resulting in limb-shaking TIAs is described in a small case series.¹⁴ In six out of eight patients, the transient, stereotyped, involuntary movements were eliminated with carotid artery revascularization. Positional cerebral ischemia in patients without orthostatic hypotension has been described.¹⁵

Treatment with atorvastatin was continued, the dose of aspirin was increased to 325 mg per day, and an intravenous heparin infusion was started. The strategy of permissive hypertension was used, with high blood pressure allowed to a maximum systolic blood pressure of 180 mm Hg. The patient was admitted to the stroke service, and carotid artery duplex ultrasonography was performed.

Dr. Gupta: Doppler ultrasonography of the carotid arteries (Figure 2) revealed markedly elevated Doppler flow velocities within the proximal right ICA. There was a parvus et tardus waveform in the distal right ICA, a finding indicative of low flow related to the more proximal high-grade stenosis. The Doppler waveform contours had poststenotic turbulence.

Figure 2

Doppler Ultrasound Image.

Dr. Silverman: The vascular surgery service was consulted, and the patient underwent right carotid endarterectomy.

Clinical Diagnosis

Limb-shaking transient ischemic attacks.

Dr. Albert Y. Hung’s Diagnosis

Limb-shaking transient ischemic attacks due to severe carotid stenosis, with secondary paroxysmal dyskinesia.

Pathological Discussion

Dr. Caroline F. Hilburn: The endarterectomy specimen included the carotid bifurcation and was notable for firm arterial walls, a finding consistent with calcification. On gross examination (Figure 3A), a large plaque was centered at the carotid bifurcation and protruded into the lumen, resulting in a maximal luminal stenosis of 80%. The plaque had an irregular and focally friable surface. On microscopic examination (Figure 3B), the plaque was characterized by extensive calcification. Some regions of the plaque had a smooth, healed fibrous cap, whereas other regions had an irregular surface suggestive of ulceration, which indicated potential sites of plaque rupture. Multiple smaller calcified plaques were present, affecting both branches of the artery.

Figure 3

Endarterectomy Specimen.

Pathological Diagnosis

Complex atherosclerotic plaque with portions of attached media.

Additional Management

Dr. Silverman: After the procedure, the patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged home on the fifth hospital day. He was seen 1 month after discharge in the stroke prevention clinic. There had been no further episodes of involuntary movements or choreoathetosis and no stroke or TIA. The patient continues to take aspirin, atorvastatin, and antihypertensive medications.

Final Diagnosis

Limb-shaking transient ischemic attacks.

病例28-2024：一名75岁女性，患有水肿、关节炎和蛋白尿

以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。

Presentation of Case

Dr. Christine M. Parsons (Medicine): A 75-year-old woman was evaluated at this hospital because of arthritis, abdominal pain, edema, malaise, and fever.

Three weeks before the current admission, the patient noticed waxing and waning “throbbing” pain in the right upper abdomen, which she rated at 9 (on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 indicating the most severe pain) at its maximal intensity. The pain was associated with nausea and fever with a temperature of up to 39.0°C. Pain worsened after food consumption and was relieved with acetaminophen. During the 3 weeks before the current admission, edema developed in both legs; it had started at the ankles and gradually progressed upward to the hips. When the edema began to affect her ambulation, she presented to the emergency department of this hospital.

A review of systems that was obtained from the patient and her family was notable for intermittent fever, abdominal bloating, anorexia, and fatigue that had progressed during the previous 3 weeks. The patient reported new orthopnea and nonproductive cough. Approximately 4 weeks earlier, she had had diarrhea for several days. During the 6 weeks before the current admission, the patient had lost 9 kg unintentionally; she also had had pain in the wrists and hands, 3 days of burning and dryness of the eyes, and diffuse myalgias. She had not had night sweats, dry mouth, jaw claudication, vision changes, urinary symptoms, or oral, nasal, or genital ulcers.

The patient’s medical history was notable for multiple myeloma (for which treatment with thalidomide and melphalan had been initiated 2 years earlier and was stopped approximately 1 year before the current admission); hypothyroidism; chikungunya virus infection (diagnosed 7 years earlier); seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis affecting the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders (diagnosed 3 years earlier); vitiligo; and osteoarthritis of the right hip, for which she had undergone arthroplasty. Evidence of gastritis was reportedly seen on endoscopy that had been performed 6 months earlier. Medications included daily treatment with levothyroxine and acetaminophen and pipazethate hydrochloride as needed for cough. The patient consumed chamomile and horsetail herbal teas. She had no known allergies to medications, but she had been advised not to take nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs after her diagnosis of multiple myeloma.

Approximately 5 months before the current admission, the patient had emigrated from Central America. She lived with her daughter and grandchildren in an urban area of New England. She had previously worked in health care. She had no history of alcohol, tobacco, or other substance use. There was no family history of cancer or autoimmune, renal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, or cardiac disease.

On examination, the temporal temperature was 37.1°C, the heart rate 106 beats per minute, the blood pressure 152/67 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation 100% while the patient was breathing ambient air. She had a frail appearance and bitemporal cachexia. The weight was 41 kg and the body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) 15.2. Her dentition was poor; most of the teeth were missing, caries were present in the remaining teeth, and the mucous membranes were dry. She had abdominal tenderness on the right side and mild abdominal distention, without organomegaly or guarding. Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy was palpable. Infrequent inspiratory wheezing was noted.

The patient had swan-neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, ulnar deviation, and distal hyperextensibility of the thumbs (Fig. 1). Subcutaneous nodules were observed on the proximal interphalangeal joints of the second and third fingers of the right hand and on the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fourth finger of the left hand. Synovial thickening of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the second fingers was noted. There was mild swelling and tenderness of the wrists. She had pain with flexion of the shoulders and right hip, and there was subtle swelling of the shoulders and right knee. Pitting edema (3+) and vitiligo were noted on the legs. No sclerodactyly, digital pitting, telangiectasias, appreciable calcinosis, nodules, nail changes (including pitting), or tophi were present. The remainder of the examination was normal.

Figure 1

Photograph of the Hands.

The blood levels of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, globulin, lactate, lipase, magnesium, and phosphorus were normal, as were the prothrombin time and international normalized ratio; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. Urinalysis showed 3+ protein and 3+ blood, and microscopic examination of the sediment revealed 5 to 10 red cells per high-power field and granular casts. Urine and blood were obtained for culture. An electrocardiogram met (at a borderline level) the voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy.

Table 1

Laboratory Data.

Dr. Rene Balza Romero: Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, performed after the intravenous administration of contrast material, revealed scattered subcentimeter pulmonary nodules (including clusters in the right middle lobe and patchy and ground-glass opacities in the left upper lobe), trace pleural effusion in the left lung, coronary and valvular calcifications, and trace pericardial effusion, ascites, and anasarca. The scans also showed slight enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes (up to 11 mm in the short axis) bilaterally and a chronic-appearing compression fracture involving the T12 vertebral body.

Dr. Parsons: Morphine and lactated Ringer’s solution were administered intravenously. On the second day in the emergency department (also referred to as hospital day 2), the blood levels of haptoglobin, folate, and vitamin B₁₂ were normal; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. A rapid antigen test for malaria was positive. Wright–Giemsa staining of thick and thin peripheral-blood smears was negative for parasites; the smears also showed Döhle bodies and basophilic stippling. Antigliadin antibodies and anti–tissue transglutaminase antibodies were not detected. Tests for hepatitis A IgG and hepatitis C antibodies were positive. Tests for hepatitis B core and surface antibodies were negative. A test for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) was negative.

Findings on abdominal ultrasound imaging performed on the second day (Fig. 2A and 2B) were notable for a small volume of ascites and kidneys with echogenic parenchyma. Ultrasonography of the legs showed no deep venous thrombosis. An echocardiogram showed normal ventricular size and function, aortic sclerosis with mild aortic insufficiency, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, a right ventricular systolic pressure of 39 mm Hg, and a small circumferential pericardial effusion. Intravenous hydromorphone was administered, and the patient was admitted to the hospital.

Figure 2

Imaging Studies of the Abdomen and Hands.

On the third day (also referred to as hospital day 3), nucleic acid testing for cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus was negative, and a stool antigen test for Helicobacter pylori was negative. An interferon-γ release assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was also negative. Oral acetaminophen and ivermectin and intravenous hydromorphone and furosemide were administered.

Dr. Balza Romero: Radiographs of the hands (Fig. 2C through 2F) showed joint-space narrowing of both radiocarpal joints and proximal interphalangeal erosions involving both hands. Radiographs of the shoulders showed arthritis of the glenohumeral joint and alignment suggestive of a tear of the right rotator cuff. A radiograph of the pelvis showed diffuse joint-space narrowing of the left hip, without osteophytosis, and an intact right hip prosthesis.

Dr. Parsons: Diagnostic tests were performed, and management decisions were made.

Differential Diagnosis

Dr. Beth L. Jonas: This patient is a 75-year-old woman who recently emigrated from Central America. She presented to this hospital with a multisystem disease involving the respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, and musculoskeletal systems. Her medical history is notable for seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma, which had been treated with melphalan and thalidomide. Relevant clinical features on presentation include unintended weight loss and cachexia, axillary lymphadenopathy, serositis, cytopenia in two cell lines, hypocomplementemia, and elevated serum free kappa and lambda light-chain levels (with a normal free light-chain ratio) with no monoclonal spike. The white-cell count was elevated, but she had no eosinophilia. CT images of the chest showed scattered subcentimeter pulmonary nodules. With respect to the patient’s anemia, no schistocytes were present, the haptoglobin level was normal, and the iron studies were unremarkable. These findings, in combination with the elevated ferritin level, indicate anemia of chronic inflammation. The renal findings are most salient in the context of the patient’s hypertension, anasarca, elevated cystatin C level, active urinary sediment with proteinuria in the nephrotic range, and small, echogenic kidneys on ultrasonography.

In constructing a differential diagnosis, I will consider medication use, cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmune disease. Medications can be eliminated as the cause of this patient’s illness, since she was taking only levothyroxine, acetaminophen, and the antitussive agent pipazethate.

Cancer

The patient has a history of multiple myeloma, which may manifest with a multisystem disease involving the kidneys, but serum protein electrophoresis showed no monoclonal protein. Given the presence of nephrotic syndrome in the context of multiple myeloma, systemic immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis would be highest on the differential diagnosis with respect to cancer; however, the patient’s normal light-chain ratio makes this diagnosis unlikely. The development of myeloid neoplasms, such as acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative neoplasms, is important to consider in the context of previous treatment with alkylating agents,¹ which this patient had received. However, the peripheral-blood smear showed no findings that would indicate a hematologic cancer, and such a diagnosis would not explain the patient’s acute kidney injury with nephrotic-range proteinuria.

Infectious Disease

Several features of this patient’s case warrant special consideration, including her history of immunosuppression due to rheumatoid arthritis and to previously treated myeloma, along with the fact that she had emigrated from Central America, where certain infections may be prevalent. Infection with hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV-1 and HIV-2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, H. pylori, and M. tuberculosis can be ruled out on the basis of laboratory studies. A rapid antigen test for plasmodium species was reported to be positive, but this assay has a known cross-reactivity with rheumatoid factor.² Moreover, the thick and thin peripheral-blood smears were negative. Thus, malaria would be an unlikely diagnosis.

The patient has a history of infection with chikungunya virus, an arbovirus transmitted by a mosquito vector that has been responsible for large epidemics in the Americas since 2013.³ Acute symptoms include fever, rash, arthralgia, and myalgia. The development of a chronic arthritis that may meet the classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis, as defined by the American College of Rheumatology and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology, has been reported in up to 60% of patients infected with chikungunya virus.^4,5 In the context of this discussion, I considered whether chikungunya virus infection could be the cause of this patient’s symptoms, since this infection occurred before the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the degree of erosion and loss of joint space that was visible on radiographs would be most unusual for arthritis associated with chikungunya virus infection and would not explain the renal manifestations.

Strongyloidiasis is a helminth infection (caused by Strongyloides stercoralis) that is widespread in developing countries. Infection usually occurs through contact with soil, and most affected persons are asymptomatic. However, in immunosuppressed persons, strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome or a disseminated infection can develop as a consequence of accelerated autoinfection.⁶ The clinical presentation of strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome can include gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, constipation, nausea, or vomiting), respiratory symptoms (cough, dyspnea, or wheezing), and rash due to migration of larvae through the subcutaneous tissues. Of note, only a minority of patients present with eosinophilia. Several case reports describe the development of nephrotic-range proteinuria, thrombotic microangiopathy, and IgA vasculitis in patients with strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome.^7-9 However, strongyloidiasis would not explain this patient’s cytopenias and hypocomplementemia.

Autoimmune Disease

The patient has a 3-year history of rheumatoid arthritis, although her clinical features of swan-neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, and joint instability suggest a longer duration of disease. We do not know whether she had received previous treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or biologic agents, but the possible use of such treatments may be a consideration with respect to her progression of disease and overall degree of immunosuppression. The blood levels of rheumatoid factor and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies were elevated, and radiographs of the hands showed erosive disease, although there was a relative paucity of metacarpophalangeal findings. A review of systems was negative for dry mouth, but her physical examination showed poor dentition and dry mouth — findings that make secondary Sjögren’s syndrome a consideration.

Renal disease can occur in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. The two most typical presentations are tubulointerstitial nephritis and, less commonly, nephritic syndrome (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis related to cryoglobulinemia). Tubulointerstitial nephritis may manifest with renal disease of varying severity, usually with a bland urinary sediment and often with abnormalities of tubular function such as distal renal tubular acidosis. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis caused by cryoglobulinemia is the most common glomerular disease associated with Sjögren’s syndrome. Although nephrotic-range proteinuria can occur with Sjögren’s syndrome, it is relatively uncommon.¹⁰ Renal disease is uncommon in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and is usually related to coexisting cardiovascular conditions. Medications used in the treatment of autoimmune disease — mainly nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs — may be associated with renal disease, but I would not expect the presence of an active urinary sediment, as was seen in this patient.

Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, a condition that is rare in the era of aggressive management of rheumatoid arthritis, has been described in patients with severe, long-standing seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a protein that is produced in the liver in response to chronic inflammation associated with interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the context of chronic infections, autoimmune disease (classically rheumatoid arthritis), autoinflammatory disease, and cancers including renal cell carcinoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.¹¹ Signs and symptoms of AA amyloidosis are related to the deposition of the protein in organs, and patients often present with multisystem signs and symptoms. The kidney is the organ that is most often affected, but deposition can occur in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and lungs. Proteinuria is the first clinical manifestation in almost 95% of patients with AA amyloidosis, and 50% of affected patients present with nephrotic syndrome.¹² The urinary sediment is generally bland, and complement levels in the blood are normal. AA amyloidosis remains on the differential diagnosis in this patient, but it would not completely explain her renal disease.

Hypocomplementemia

The key to this case is understanding the cause of this patient’s hypocomplementemia. Hypocomplementemia can be due to decreased complement production in the context of liver disease, congenital complement deficiency, or increased complement consumption resulting from activation of the innate immune system. This patient has no history of chronic liver disease and her laboratory test results indicated good hepatic synthetic function. Classical complement deficiency (including C4 deficiency) that begins early in life is associated with autoimmune disease, and early C3 deficiency is characterized by severe pyogenic infections. It would be unusual for a patient of this age to be deficient in both C3 and C4 without earlier clinical consequences. I therefore concluded that the hypocomplementemia in this case was related to complement consumption.

Rheumatic diseases that may be associated with prominent renal manifestations include antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis, systemic sclerosis with renal crisis, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, antiglomerular basement membrane disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Of those conditions, SLE would be the most likely to be manifested by an active urinary sediment and nephrotic-range proteinuria with consumption of both C3 and C4 in the context of fever, thrombocytopenia, and serositis. This patient’s fever, thrombocytopenia, and serositis also fit with this diagnosis.¹³

Because the patient has long-standing seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis, a diagnosis of AA amyloidosis is strongly suspected. Moreover, given the presence of thrombocytopenia, hypocomplementemia, and an active urinary sediment, I would recommend a kidney biopsy to evaluate for lupus nephritis and AA amyloidosis.

Dr. Beth L. Jonas’s Diagnosis

Overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus with amyloid A amyloidosis.

Pathological Discussion

Dr. Claire Trivin-Avillach: Testing for autoimmune antibodies was performed. A test for antinuclear antibodies was positive at a titer of 1:5120 with a homogeneous pattern, and a test for anti–double-stranded DNA antibodies was positive at a titer of 1:2560.

The diagnostic procedure in this case was a core-needle biopsy of the kidney. Examination of the specimen with light microscopy revealed 20 glomeruli, 45% of which were globally sclerosed, along with fibrosis involving approximately 60% of the interstitium and tubular atrophy. Diffusely enlarged glomeruli with thickened capillary walls and an expanded mesangium were weakly positive on periodic acid–Schiff staining; the glomeruli stained pale blue on Masson’s trichrome staining. Congo red staining revealed metachromatic salmon-colored deposition involving the glomeruli, the blood-vessel walls, and the interstitium, which was associated with apple-green birefringence when viewed under polarized light (Fig. 3A). In addition, mesangial and endocapillary hypercellularity was identified in approximately 30% of the nonsclerosed glomeruli and was associated with karyorrhexis (Fig. 3B). One cellular crescent was also detected. These features are characteristic of active proliferative glomerulonephritis.

Figure 3

Biopsy Specimen of the Kidney.

Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed prominent granular staining for IgG (4+), IgM (4+), C3 (3+), C1q (3+), IgA (1+), kappa (3+), and lambda (3+) along the glomerular basement membranes and within the mesangium, as well as focal granular deposits of IgG and C3 along the tubular basement membrane (Fig. 3C and 3D). Additional immunofluorescence studies showed strong positivity (4+) for SAA within the glomeruli, the blood-vessel walls, and the interstitium (Fig. 3E), whereas staining for beta₂-microglobulin, transthyretin, and apolipoprotein A1 was faint.

Electron microscopy revealed the presence of subendothelial and mesangial electron-dense deposits (with no substructure identified) adjacent to randomly arranged fibrils (measuring 8.2 to 10.6 nm in diameter) within the glomerular basement membranes and the mesangium (Fig. 3F). Glomerular endothelial cells appeared reactive and contained tubuloreticular inclusions, features that were suggestive of interferon-mediated activation.

The findings on Congo red staining were characteristic of amyloidosis with typical birefringent material. The strong positivity of SAA within the deposits as compared with the faint staining of other reactants identified the type of amyloid as SAA, which is consistent with the patient’s history of rheumatoid arthritis. The biopsy also showed an immune complex–mediated proliferative glomerulonephritis with a “full house” pattern (defined as positivity for the three immunoglobulin classes IgG, IgM, and IgA and the two complement components C3 and C1q, in reference to the “full house” hand in a poker game). Immune complex–mediated proliferative glomerulonephritis has been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were receiving anti–TNF-α therapy,¹⁴ which was not the case in this patient. The positive test for hepatitis C antibodies prompted consideration of hepatitis C–related membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. However, taken together, the negative nucleic acid test for hepatitis C virus, the full house pattern on immunofluorescence, the tubular basement membrane deposits, and the positive test for anti–double-stranded DNA antibodies favor a diagnosis of lupus nephritis of at least class III (defined as focal proliferative glomerulonephritis), according to the criteria of the International Society of Nephrology and the Renal Pathology Society, superimposed on AA amyloidosis.

Pathological Diagnosis

Proliferative lupus nephritis of International Society of Nephrology and Renal Pathology Society class III, superimposed on amyloid A amyloidosis.

Discussion of Management

Dr. Pui W. Cheung: On the basis of the finding of echogenic kidneys on ultrasonography and the findings of extensive interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy on kidney biopsy, we know that this patient has advanced chronic kidney disease that is unlikely to be reversible. The patient is also noted to have a markedly lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) than that predicted by the blood creatinine level owing to the presence of cachexia, and this is substantiated by the cystatin C–based GFR and a 24-hour creatinine clearance of 22 ml per minute per 1.73 m² of body-surface area. The typical induction therapy for stage III or IV lupus nephritis consists of high-dose glucocorticoids and either mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide. Other reasonable alternatives for initial therapy include mycophenolate mofetil in combination with either a calcineurin inhibitor or belimumab, or cyclophosphamide in combination with belimumab.¹⁵ Hydroxychloroquine is also recommended as part of the therapy, since it has shown benefits in improving the response to treatment and reducing disease flare.¹⁶ Mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide have similar efficacy with respect to clinical response, which includes a reduction in proteinuria and either an improvement in renal function or stabilization of renal function; the risks of infections and adverse events associated with these medications are also similar.^17,18

Given the severity of the lupus nephritis with overlying AA amyloidosis from active rheumatoid arthritis, the treatment options proposed were high-dose glucocorticoids and rituximab with either mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide.¹⁹ After discussions with multidisciplinary consultants from rheumatology, infectious diseases, and nephrology, lingering concerns were raised about infection and patient frailty; ultimately, the decision was made to initiate high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in combination with mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, and hydroxychloroquine.

The patient’s mycophenolate mofetil dose regimen was inconsistent owing to gastrointestinal side effects, and the treatment was eventually withheld because of pancytopenia and fever. Unfortunately, her kidney function worsened, and renal replacement therapy was initiated within 3 weeks after the start of the induction therapy. The cause of her renal failure was thought to be disease progression, compounded by hemodynamically mediated tubular injury in the context of infection. While the administration of mycophenolate mofetil was stopped, treatment with rituximab was continued, with slow tapering of the glucocorticoid dose at the direction of the rheumatologist. She remained dependent on dialysis and was deemed to have end-stage kidney disease after 3 months of dialysis.

Dr. Lisa G. Criscione-Schreiber: The patient has SLE with nephritis, seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic AA amyloidosis. AA amyloidosis is rare owing to the availability of effective therapies for rheumatoid arthritis and is managed through aggressive treatment of inflammation due to rheumatoid arthritis. Reports addressing the management of rheumatoid arthritis–induced AA amyloidosis generally cite stability of end-organ damage caused by AA amyloid as evidence of effective management of the condition (through treatment of the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis). Methotrexate, the cornerstone of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, is contraindicated in this case owing to the presence of kidney disease. The alkylating agent cyclophosphamide has been reported to be effective for the treatment of AA amyloidosis from rheumatoid arthritis²⁰ and has known efficacy in patients with lupus nephritis, both of which make it a viable treatment option. Rituximab has also been reported to be effective for managing rheumatoid arthritis–induced AA amyloidosis,²¹ is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and is used for manifestations of SLE, including thrombocytopenia and nephritis. Although anti–TNF-α agents, abatacept, and Janus kinase inhibitors are reported to be effective for the treatment of AA amyloidosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis,²² recent publications have coalesced on the ability of anti–interleukin-6 therapy to block interleukin-6–induced hepatic production of SAA.^23-25

The overlap of seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis and SLE (sometimes termed “rhupus”) usually resembles rheumatoid arthritis more than SLE; manifestations include thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, an elevated blood level of C-reactive protein, and the presence of marginal erosions on radiographs.²⁶ In contrast, SLE without seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis characteristically manifests with thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate but usually not an elevated C-reactive protein level; in addition, nonerosive inflammatory arthritis with reversible deformities is commonly observed. This patient had a mixed laboratory profile, on the basis of the results of antinuclear antibody and anti–double-stranded DNA antibody tests. The challenge of treating an overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and SLE is choosing disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs that are effective and safe in both conditions. This patient’s most severe disease manifestation is lupus nephritis; therefore, the treatment regimen must target nephritis along with the AA amyloidosis and inflammatory arthritis.

As noted earlier, current induction therapy for lupus nephritis includes either mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide. Mycophenolate mofetil may provide inadequate treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis and amyloidosis, whereas cyclophosphamide would treat the lupus nephritis, has possible efficacy for treatment of the AA amyloidosis, and would treat the rheumatoid arthritis. Rituximab could be added to cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil to treat the rheumatoid arthritis and resultant AA amyloidosis and could also possibly help treat the lupus nephritis. The addition of anti–interleukin-6 therapy to mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide is an intriguing option that may effectively treat the rheumatoid arthritis and subsequent AA amyloidosis. The addition of belimumab to mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide has been reported to improve renal response in patients with lupus nephritis,²⁷ as has the addition of voclosporin to mycophenolate mofetil.²⁸ However, belimumab is ineffective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and voclosporin has not been studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or in those with a GFR of 45 milliliters per minute or less. The high-dose glucocorticoids that are used in induction therapy for lupus nephritis will effectively manage this patient’s inflammatory arthritis and probably also the subsequent AA amyloidosis. Finally, it is important that every patient with lupus nephritis receive hydroxychloroquine, which improves the treatment response to induction therapy.²⁹

Follow-up

Dr. Parsons: The patient’s hospital course was further complicated by suspected immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, for which she received intravenous immune globulin. Her pancytopenia and arthritis ultimately abated. Unfortunately, she did not have renal recovery and continues to receive hemodialysis. After a prolonged hospital course, she was discharged home.

Final Diagnosis

Overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by proliferative lupus nephritis, superimposed on amyloid A amyloidosis.

戈沙妥珠单抗（SG）用于HR+/HER2−转移性乳腺癌：3期试验EVER-132-002结果

以下内容来源于PubMed。

Abstract

Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) versus chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR⁺HER2^-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in the global TROPiCS-02 study. TROPiCS-02 enrolled few Asian patients. Here we report results of SG in Asian patients with HR⁺HER2^- mBC from the EVER-132-002 study. Patients were randomized to SG (n = 166) or chemotherapy (n = 165). The primary endpoint was met: PFS was improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.87; P = 0.0028; median 4.3 versus 4.2 months). OS also improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.88; P = 0.0061; median 21.0 versus 15.3 months). The most common grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia, leukopenia and anemia. SG demonstrated significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PFS and OS versus chemotherapy, with a manageable safety profile consistent with prior studies. SG represents a promising treatment option for Asian patients with HR⁺HER2^- mBC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier no. NCT04639986 ).

压力导致亚精胺增多并抑制树突状细胞中1型干扰素（IFN-α）诱发腹泻型肠易激综合征

以下内容来源于PubMed。

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by abdominal discomfort and occasional diarrhea. The pathogenesis of IBS-D is thought to be related to a combination of factors, including psychological stress, abnormal muscle contractions, and inflammation and disorder of the gut microbiome. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis of the logical regulatory correlation among these factors. In this study, we found that stress induced hyperproduction of xanthine and altered the abundance and metabolic characteristics of Lactobacillus murinus in the gut. Lactobacillus murinus-derived spermidine suppressed the basal expression of type I interferon (IFN)-α in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by inhibiting the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3. The reduction in IFN-α unrestricted the contractile function of colonic smooth muscle cells, resulting in an increase in bowel movement. Our findings provided a theoretical basis for the pathological mechanism of, and new drug targets for, stress-exposed IBS-D.

Keywords: AdorA2B; Lactobacillus murinus; irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea; spermidine; stress; type I interferon; xanthine.

婴儿重症细支气管炎的鼻咽部宏基因组与哮喘遗传风险亚型联合分析及其与儿童哮喘风险的相关性

以下内容来源于PubMed。

Abstract

The severe bronchiolitis endotype characterized by a high abundance of H. influenzae, high proportion of RV-A and RV-C infections, and high asthma genetic risk had a significantly higher risk for developing asthma.

Background: Infants with bronchiolitis are at increased risk for developing asthma. Growing evidence suggests bronchiolitis is a heterogeneous condition. However, little is known about its biologically distinct subgroups based on the integrated metagenome and asthma genetic risk signature and their longitudinal relationships with asthma development.

Methods: In a multi-center prospective cohort study of infants with severe bronchiolitis (i.e., bronchiolitis requiring hospitalization), we profiled nasopharyngeal airway metagenome and virus at hospitalization, and calculated the polygenic risk score of asthma. Using similarity network fusion clustering approach, we identified integrated metagenome-asthma genetic risk endotypes. We also examined their longitudinal association with the risk of developing asthma by age six years.

Results: Of 450 infants with bronchiolitis (median age, 3 months), we identified five distinct endotypes-characterized by their nasopharyngeal metagenome, virus, and asthma genetic risk profiles. Compared with endotype A infants (who clinically resembled "classic" bronchiolitis), endotype E infants (characterized by a high abundance of H. influenzae, high proportion of RV-A and RV-C infections, and high asthma genetic risk) had a significantly higher risk for developing asthma (35.9% versus 16.7%; OR_adj, 2.24; 95%CI, 1.02-4.97; p=0.046). The pathway analysis showed that endotype E had enriched microbial pathways (e.g., glycolysis, L-lysine, arginine metabolism) and host pathways (e.g., IFNs, IL-6/JAK/STAT3, fatty acids, MHC, and immunoglobin-related) (FDR<0.05). Additionally, endotype E had a significantly higher proportion of neutrophils (FDR<0.05).

Conclusion: In this multi-center prospective cohort study of infant bronchiolitis, the clustering analysis of integrated-omics data identified biologically distinct endotypes with differential risks for developing asthma.

术前CT肿瘤轮廓不规则性预测肾细胞癌预后

以下内容来源于PubMed。

Summary

Background

Radiology-based prognostic biomarkers play a crucial role in patient counseling, enhancing surveillance, and designing clinical trials effectively. This study aims to assess the predictive significance of preoperative CT-based tumor contour irregularity in determining clinical outcomes among patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective multi-institutional review involving 2218 patients pathologically diagnosed with RCC. The training and internal validation sets included patients at Zhongshan Hospital between January 2009 and August 2019. The external test set comprised patients from the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (January 2016 to January 2018), the Xiamen Branch of Zhongshan Hospital (November 2017 to June 2023), and the Cancer Imaging Archive. The contour irregularity degree (CID), quantified as the ratio of irregular cross-sections to the total tumor cross-sections, was analyzed for its prognostic relevance across different subgroups of RCC patients. A novel CID-based scoring system was developed, and its predictive efficacy was evaluated and compared with existing prognostic models.

Findings

The CID exhibited significant discriminatory power in predicting overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) among patients with RCC tumors measuring 3 cm or larger (all p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses confirmed the CID as an independent prognostic indicator. Notably, the CID augmented prognostic stratification among RCC patients within distinct risk subgroups delineated by SSIGN models and ISUP grades. The CID-based nomogram (C-Model) demonstrated robust predictive performance, with C-index values of 0.88 (95%CI: 0.84–0.92) in the training set, 0.92 (95%CI: 0.88–0.98) in the internal validation set, and 0.86 (95%CI: 0.81–0.90) in the external test set, surpassing existing prognostic models.

Interpretation

Routine imaging-based assessment of the CID serves as an independent prognostic factor, offering incremental prognostic value to existing models in RCC patients with tumors measuring 3 cm or larger.

Funding

This study was funded by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China; Shanghai Municipal Health Commission; China National Key R&D Program and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality.