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获得性免疫缺陷综合征

别名:AIDS,艾滋病

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获得性免疫缺陷综合征介绍
  • 常见发热、体重减轻、免疫力受损,易发生感染
  • 无法治愈,尽早、规范治疗可增加预期寿命
  • 主要通过性接触、血液、母婴传播,需终身治疗
  • 发生HIV暴露后尽可能在最短时间进行预防性用药

简介

艾滋病,全称为获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS),是一种慢性传染疾病,其病原体为人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV),亦称艾滋病病毒。目前,艾滋病已成为严重威胁我国公众健康的重要公共卫生问题[1]

疾病类型[2]

临床根据疾病不同的发展阶段,可分为急性期、无症状期和艾滋病期。

症状表现[1]

HIV感染急性期以发热最为常见,可伴有咽痛、盗汗、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、皮疹、关节疼痛、淋巴结肿大及神经系统症状。

之后患者进入长达6~8年进入无症状期,可出现淋巴结肿大等症状,但一般不容易引起重视。

感染HIV后的最终阶段是艾滋病期,主要表现为HIV相关症状(持续1个月以上的发热、盗汗、腹泻;体重减轻10%以上,部分患者表现为神经精神症状,如记忆力减退、精神淡漠、性格改变、头痛、癫痫及痴呆等;另外还可出现持续性全身性淋巴结肿大)、体征及各种机会性感染和肿瘤。

诊断依据[1]

需要结合患者的流行病学史(是否存在可能感染艾滋病的行为和历史)、临床表现(同上)、实验室检查(HIV抗体筛查试验和HIV补充试验)进行判断。

是否具有传染性[1,2]

为我国乙类传染病

通过什么方式传染?怎么预防[1,3,4]

主要通过性接触、血液及母婴传播。可通过以下方式预防:

应加强了解艾滋病防治知识,远离毒品注射、杜绝卖淫嫖娼、与高危人群性生活应使用避孕套,治疗中的患者应与他人隔离。

是否常见[1,5,6]? 

联合国艾滋病规划署估计,截至2017年底,全球现存活HIV/AIDS患者3690万例。我国近年来HIV新发感染率、AIDS发病率和死亡率逐年上升。截至2017年底,我国现生存的HIV/AIDS患者758610例,当年新发现HIV/AIDS患者134512例(其中95%以上均是通过性途径感染)。

是否可以治愈[1,2]

艾滋病治疗以高效联合抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)为主,但目前尚难以彻底治愈。

是否遗传[1-3]

不遗传,但可通过母婴传播。

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