破伤风针和破伤风疫苗,别再傻傻分不清
平时大人干活、孩子玩耍时难免出现外伤,外伤难免会造成感染,这种感染后就有可能患破伤风,所以经常会遇到受伤后来医院打破伤风针的,有人说打过疫苗还需要打破伤风针吗?或者是打了破伤风针是不是也会再有外伤就不怕感染了?事实上,破伤风针和破伤风疫苗完全是两个概念。
我们先来认识一下什么是破伤风?
破伤风是破伤风杆菌经由皮肤或粘膜伤口侵入人体,在缺氧环境下生长繁殖,产生毒素而引起阵发性肌阵挛的一种特异性感染。潜伏期约3-21天,中位数7天,个别短至1-2天或者长至数月。感染破伤风杆菌5~10日后,即可出现肌肉持续性收缩等症状,最初是咀嚼肌,以后顺序是脸面、颈项、背、腹、四肢,最后是膈肌、肋间肌;声、光、震动等均可诱发阵发性痉挛。病情严重者,会引起呼吸麻痹导致死亡。听起来好可怕是吧。所以预防破伤风感染至关重要。
那什么是破伤风针?
我们通常说的破伤风针是指破伤风抗毒素或破伤风免疫球蛋白。破伤风抗毒素是一种被动免疫制剂,用马血清制作而成,免疫作用维持时间较短,约为7-10天。由于破伤风抗毒素对人体是一种异性蛋白,具有抗原性,可能引起过敏反应及其他不良反应,因此在用药前一般要先做过敏试验。试验结果为阴性可直接注射破伤风抗毒素;试验结果为阳性者,则应进行脱敏注射,即小剂量分4~5次注射破伤风抗毒素。破伤风免疫球蛋白一般无过敏反应,注射前不必做试验,它只是一种外源性抗体,体内维持时间为2~3周。通过其维持时间可以看出,对于已出现破伤风或可疑症状时应及时使用,但是对破伤风的预防作用是有限的,仅在未发病且在2周内应用有预防作用。
破伤风疫苗又是怎么回事?
破伤风疫苗是用破伤风类毒素制成,将破伤风类毒素 接种于人体,使机体产生获得性免疫力的一种预防破伤风感染的措施,属于主动免疫。一旦完成基础免疫(3针或3针以上),免疫保护持续时间可长达5-10年,甚至更长。我国从1978年开始实行的儿童计划免疫中就有“百白破三联疫苗",分别是指:百日咳、白喉、破伤风疫苗。在小孩出生后满3月、4月、5月龄会各接种1剂百白破,接种完这三剂的基础针,破伤风的抗体水平可以持续3-5年的保护期,18-24月龄时加强1剂百白破,6岁时再加强1剂白破,抗体水平可以达到10年左右,甚至更长。所以说破伤风针只是起到一个短暂的临时保护,真正能够起到长期保护效果的是破伤风疫苗。
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