乳腺增生是一种比较常见的疾病,但是在人们传统的认知当中,乳腺增生早已被打上女性的“专利”,很多人都认为乳腺增生是只有女性才会患有的病症。但事实上,乳腺增生这种问题不论男性还是女性,都有罹患的可能性,只是女性患者多一点而男性患者少一点罢了。
男性患乳腺增生的原因
乳腺的正常发育,无论是男性还是女性,都是通过人体内的雌激素、孕酮、生长激素、催乳激素等激素的作用和平衡来实现的。雌激素是主要存在于女性体内的重要激素,但在男性的体内,除了雄性激素外,也有由睾丸和肾上腺皮质分泌的少量的雌激素。正常情况下,男性的乳房会因其体内占主导地位的雄激素的制约而处于不发育状态的,但当其体内的雌激素分泌过多或者出现排泄障碍时,就会导致男性体内的激素水平失衡,从而导致男性的乳腺因受到刺激而出现组织增生。经相关的研究表明,男性乳腺发育最主要的原因就是其体内雌激素的量增多。
男性乳腺增生的症状与分类
男性出现乳腺增生时,其单侧或双侧可触及的乳腺组织一般会呈现圆盘状结节或者弥漫性增大,有时还可能会伴有乳头和乳晕的增大;另外,患有乳腺则生的男性,其乳房的局部通常还有隐痛不是或者触痛感,少数患者在挤压乳头时甚至还可能会有少量白色的分泌物溢出。
男性乳腺增生的危害及预防
男性患乳腺增生的几率虽然要原低于女性,但一旦男性患上此疾病,不但会在身体上可能会导致男性不育,出现癌变的可能性也比女性要大。男性患有乳腺增生后,也会给患者带来巨大的心理压力。所以,预防乳腺增生对于男同志来说同样重要。在预防乳腺增生方面,男性需要做的与女性基本相同,如平日里应该保持乐观的心态及平稳的情绪,要知道不良的心理因素,如过度紧张、刺激忧虑、悲伤等情绪容易造成神经衰弱,从而会加速内分泌失调,以促使乳腺增生的加重;另外,养成良好的饮食、睡眠、运动等生活习惯,不但对于保持健康的体重、提升体质意义重大,最重要的是可以有助于保持体内的内分泌平衡,进而利于男性乳腺增生的预防。
在临床上,大部分患者认为只有女性患者才有乳腺增生症,实际上男性朋友也有可能会患有乳腺疾病,并且乳腺增生的各个期的症状表现也是不一样的,具体男性乳腺增生个期的症状表现大致有以下几个方面。
第一,乳腺小叶增生期,这也是初期的一个表现,男性患者乳腺增生初期,一般起病年龄都是比较年轻的,大约在20岁到30岁之间,只是轻微的增生,症状不是很明显,往往不受到重视,大部分患者不会选择治疗,任由其发展,这种情况可能会继续的进展,发展到下一期。
第二,乳腺腺病,也就是乳腺增生的第二期,这时多伴有乳腺导管扩张,是由乳腺小叶增生期演变而来的,发病年龄稍晚一些,大约在30到40岁左右的人群当中,症状表现也是比较明显的并且比较严重,会见到明显增大的乳房,有的会伴有疼痛感、刺痛感、胀痛感,这时需要引起我们的重视,往往治疗也是比较困难的,久不治愈对男性心理有一定的影响,甚至会出现内分泌紊乱、精神抑郁等等。
第三,囊性增生期,这也是在第二期进一步加重的情况下发展而来的,年龄也是更往后一些,大约在男性患者40到55岁之间,这时患者会出现乳腺导管扩张合并上皮细胞增生,这时需要注意防止癌变,因为囊性增生期恶变率可达到70%以上,必须积极的进行治疗,切勿耽误病情引起严重的后果。
在临床中提到的乳腺增生,多是良性的。比如青春期女孩子乳房发育长大;比如妊娠哺乳期间乳房发育长大、为新生儿做准备;比如乳房随着月经周期而发生的周期性乳房疼痛,这些都属于正常乳腺发育与退化中失常范畴,这样的乳腺增生不是病,通常无需用药和治疗。
提醒大家,乳腺增生的好与坏,不是根据疼痛的程度区分,大多“坏的”东西不一定痛。有增生、有包块及时找医生排查,确认良性就不必担心了。
乳房一直是「性感」的代言,男性为之痴狂,女性为之迷茫。
根据《中国乳腺疾病调查报告》显示:我国城市乳腺癌的死亡率增长了38.1% 。在无症状女性人群中,各种乳腺疾病患者竟达到 52.4%。
美好的胸型是女人自信的源泉,但是很多疑问也同时存在。
我们整理了7大问题,一起来看看吧。
问题1:乳房是个器官吗?
答:当然是。
器官都是在人体的构成里起到一定的作用,乳房的作用就是分泌乳汁。
乳汁产生于乳腺小叶,之后沿着乳房内的小导管到达乳头开口分泌出来。那男性为什么不能泌乳呢?因为他们的乳房内没有乳房小叶呀。
问题2:两边乳房一样大吗?
答:两边一样几乎是不可能的。
日本人曾在成熟女性上涂抹石膏,然后在石膏里面盛水来计算乳房的大小,结果发现每个女人的乳房两边都不是一样大小。
但是,如果两侧乳房大小差异很大,可能要怀疑一种罕见的疾病——波兰综合征。男性患者大多数表现为两边胸部不对称;而女性患者胸壁的畸形就会使双侧乳房的大小不一样。
主要原因是患病一侧锁骨下的血液供给有问题,导致这侧上肢和胸壁发育不良而出现畸形。如出现这种情况,请尽快就医。
问题3:内衣都买合适了吗?
答:超过7成女性觉得内衣不合适。
内衣尺寸小了,穿着相当难受,肩勒的疼不说,背上还勒出一道道的赘肉。尺寸大了,内衣老滑动,或者被人一戳就空了...
内衣尺寸不对可能会导致内衣对乳房的支撑不足,从而引发一系列的毛病,包括不良体态、脖子和背部疼痛,甚至影响手部和肩部的神经。
女性的胸部在不同时期,尺寸变化可以很大 ,比如在减肥前后、绝经前后和生产前后;而且不仅是大小,女性胸部的紧实度也会发生变化。
所以,不同时期要买有不同支撑力的内衣,不能一直穿着少女款,而且买之前,一定要试穿。
问题4:乳腺增生会癌变吗?
答:一般不会,但…
乳腺增生是指乳腺的良性疾病,表现为周期性的乳房疼痛与增生性肿块。
部分乳腺增生症患者可以出现乳腺增生结节,结节本身发生癌变的机会并不大,但是乳腺的恶性结节经常与乳腺增生结节同时存在。
所以,乳腺增生伴有结节时,需要每3-6个月左右进行乳腺彩超检查1次,以及时了解病情的变化。
问题5:男性乳房也发育吗?
答:会,分生理性和病理性的。
男性乳腺发育症现在是越来越多了。很多男性只是觉得「就是胖的」,但还有很多疾病要引起重视。
男性乳腺发育可以和其他诸多疾病同时并存,比如睾丸功能低下、先天性性腺发育不足、甲亢、肝硬化、恶性肿瘤、睾丸肿瘤等。
外源性的雌激素也可以引起,因此在日常生活中要注意避免含有激素的饮料、食物等。长期口服一些药物西咪替丁、螺内酯、洋地黄、抗精神药等可以引起雌激素增高。
问题6:喝豆浆能丰胸吗?
答:当然不能。
女性的乳房发育主要是靠雌激素的作用。而豆浆中的植物雌激素,也就是大豆异黄酮,只是结构上比较类似雌激素。
当体内植物雌激素含量很高时,它与受体的结合妨碍了生理雌激素与受体的正常结合,反而起到了抑制性效果,相当于降低雌激素水平、削弱雌激素作用,也就是说会「适得其反」。
所以,豆浆不会有任何丰胸的作用。
问题7:副乳危险吗?需要就医吗?
答:看情况。
很多人的腋下其实都有些「肉」,但未必是副乳。
因为副乳有真性副乳和假性副乳之分,假性副乳里只有脂肪,并没有得癌危险;它的手感摸上去像嘴唇一样是柔软,但是乳腺摸上去像鼻子的触感,是有韧性的。
您不妨按照我们的方法自己检查一下!但如模棱两可无法判断,您可以到医院做B超检查,能准确判断是乳腺还是脂肪哦~
参考文献:
[1] 《中国抗癌协会乳腺癌诊治指南与规范》(2017版)
审稿医生 | 洛阳市妇女儿童医疗保健中心 乳腺外科 侯毅
责任编辑 | 黑凤梨
一、实验室检查:
- 总物细针吸取细胞学检查乳腺囊性增生病肿物多呈两侧性、多肿块性,肿块病变的发展情况不一,采取多点细针吸取细胞学检查常能全面反应各肿快的病变情况或性质,特别能为大多的病例提供早期诊断意见。
二、乳头溢液细胞学检查:
- 少数患者有乳头溢液肉眼所见多为浆液性、浆液血性,涂片镜检可见导管上皮泡沫细胞、红细胞、少许炎症细胞及脂肪蛋白质等无形物。
三、辅助检查包括:
- 1. 钼靶 x 射线,在过去我们钼靶 x 射线比较常用,它能很清楚的显示病变部位呈现棉花团或毛玻璃状边缘模糊不清的高密度增高影,可见不规则增强阴影中有圆形透亮阴影。乳腺囊性增生病肿块需与乳腺癌的肿块进行鉴别:前者无血运增加,皮肤增厚和毛刺等恶性征象,若有钙化也多散在,不像乳腺癌那样密集。
- 2. B 超检查, B 超诊断技术发展很快诊断率也不断提高,对本病检查时常显示增生部位成不均匀低回声和无肿块的回声囊肿区。
- 3. 磁共振成像检查,典型的磁共振成像表现为乳腺导管扩张,形态不规则,边界不清楚,扩张导管的信号强度在 1 加全相上低于正常腺体组织,病变局限于某一区也可弥漫于分布整个区域或在整个乳腺,本病的 MRI 通常呈对称性改变。
以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。
Presentation of Case
Differential Diagnosis
Movement Disorders
Seizures
Functional Movement Disorder
Dyskinesia
Limb-Shaking TIAs
Clinical Impression and Initial Management
Clinical Diagnosis
Dr. Albert Y. Hung’s Diagnosis
Pathological Discussion
Pathological Diagnosis
Additional Management
Final Diagnosis
以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。
Presentation of Case
Dr. Christine M. Parsons (Medicine): A 75-year-old woman was evaluated at this hospital because of arthritis, abdominal pain, edema, malaise, and fever.
Three weeks before the current admission, the patient noticed waxing and waning “throbbing” pain in the right upper abdomen, which she rated at 9 (on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 indicating the most severe pain) at its maximal intensity. The pain was associated with nausea and fever with a temperature of up to 39.0°C. Pain worsened after food consumption and was relieved with acetaminophen. During the 3 weeks before the current admission, edema developed in both legs; it had started at the ankles and gradually progressed upward to the hips. When the edema began to affect her ambulation, she presented to the emergency department of this hospital.
A review of systems that was obtained from the patient and her family was notable for intermittent fever, abdominal bloating, anorexia, and fatigue that had progressed during the previous 3 weeks. The patient reported new orthopnea and nonproductive cough. Approximately 4 weeks earlier, she had had diarrhea for several days. During the 6 weeks before the current admission, the patient had lost 9 kg unintentionally; she also had had pain in the wrists and hands, 3 days of burning and dryness of the eyes, and diffuse myalgias. She had not had night sweats, dry mouth, jaw claudication, vision changes, urinary symptoms, or oral, nasal, or genital ulcers.
The patient’s medical history was notable for multiple myeloma (for which treatment with thalidomide and melphalan had been initiated 2 years earlier and was stopped approximately 1 year before the current admission); hypothyroidism; chikungunya virus infection (diagnosed 7 years earlier); seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis affecting the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders (diagnosed 3 years earlier); vitiligo; and osteoarthritis of the right hip, for which she had undergone arthroplasty. Evidence of gastritis was reportedly seen on endoscopy that had been performed 6 months earlier. Medications included daily treatment with levothyroxine and acetaminophen and pipazethate hydrochloride as needed for cough. The patient consumed chamomile and horsetail herbal teas. She had no known allergies to medications, but she had been advised not to take nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs after her diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Approximately 5 months before the current admission, the patient had emigrated from Central America. She lived with her daughter and grandchildren in an urban area of New England. She had previously worked in health care. She had no history of alcohol, tobacco, or other substance use. There was no family history of cancer or autoimmune, renal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, or cardiac disease.
On examination, the temporal temperature was 37.1°C, the heart rate 106 beats per minute, the blood pressure 152/67 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation 100% while the patient was breathing ambient air. She had a frail appearance and bitemporal cachexia. The weight was 41 kg and the body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) 15.2. Her dentition was poor; most of the teeth were missing, caries were present in the remaining teeth, and the mucous membranes were dry. She had abdominal tenderness on the right side and mild abdominal distention, without organomegaly or guarding. Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy was palpable. Infrequent inspiratory wheezing was noted.
The patient had swan-neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, ulnar deviation, and distal hyperextensibility of the thumbs (Fig. 1). Subcutaneous nodules were observed on the proximal interphalangeal joints of the second and third fingers of the right hand and on the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fourth finger of the left hand. Synovial thickening of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the second fingers was noted. There was mild swelling and tenderness of the wrists. She had pain with flexion of the shoulders and right hip, and there was subtle swelling of the shoulders and right knee. Pitting edema (3+) and vitiligo were noted on the legs. No sclerodactyly, digital pitting, telangiectasias, appreciable calcinosis, nodules, nail changes (including pitting), or tophi were present. The remainder of the examination was normal.
The blood levels of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, globulin, lactate, lipase, magnesium, and phosphorus were normal, as were the prothrombin time and international normalized ratio; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. Urinalysis showed 3+ protein and 3+ blood, and microscopic examination of the sediment revealed 5 to 10 red cells per high-power field and granular casts. Urine and blood were obtained for culture. An electrocardiogram met (at a borderline level) the voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy.
Dr. Rene Balza Romero: Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, performed after the intravenous administration of contrast material, revealed scattered subcentimeter pulmonary nodules (including clusters in the right middle lobe and patchy and ground-glass opacities in the left upper lobe), trace pleural effusion in the left lung, coronary and valvular calcifications, and trace pericardial effusion, ascites, and anasarca. The scans also showed slight enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes (up to 11 mm in the short axis) bilaterally and a chronic-appearing compression fracture involving the T12 vertebral body.
Dr. Parsons: Morphine and lactated Ringer’s solution were administered intravenously. On the second day in the emergency department (also referred to as hospital day 2), the blood levels of haptoglobin, folate, and vitamin B12 were normal; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. A rapid antigen test for malaria was positive. Wright–Giemsa staining of thick and thin peripheral-blood smears was negative for parasites; the smears also showed Döhle bodies and basophilic stippling. Antigliadin antibodies and anti–tissue transglutaminase antibodies were not detected. Tests for hepatitis A IgG and hepatitis C antibodies were positive. Tests for hepatitis B core and surface antibodies were negative. A test for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) was negative.
Findings on abdominal ultrasound imaging performed on the second day (Fig. 2A and 2B) were notable for a small volume of ascites and kidneys with echogenic parenchyma. Ultrasonography of the legs showed no deep venous thrombosis. An echocardiogram showed normal ventricular size and function, aortic sclerosis with mild aortic insufficiency, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, a right ventricular systolic pressure of 39 mm Hg, and a small circumferential pericardial effusion. Intravenous hydromorphone was administered, and the patient was admitted to the hospital.
On the third day (also referred to as hospital day 3), nucleic acid testing for cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus was negative, and a stool antigen test for Helicobacter pylori was negative. An interferon-γ release assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was also negative. Oral acetaminophen and ivermectin and intravenous hydromorphone and furosemide were administered.
Dr. Balza Romero: Radiographs of the hands (Fig. 2C through 2F) showed joint-space narrowing of both radiocarpal joints and proximal interphalangeal erosions involving both hands. Radiographs of the shoulders showed arthritis of the glenohumeral joint and alignment suggestive of a tear of the right rotator cuff. A radiograph of the pelvis showed diffuse joint-space narrowing of the left hip, without osteophytosis, and an intact right hip prosthesis.
Dr. Parsons: Diagnostic tests were performed, and management decisions were made.
Differential Diagnosis
Cancer
Infectious Disease
Autoimmune Disease
Hypocomplementemia
Dr. Beth L. Jonas’s Diagnosis
Pathological Discussion
Pathological Diagnosis
Discussion of Management
Follow-up
Final Diagnosis
Overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by proliferative lupus nephritis, superimposed on amyloid A amyloidosis.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) versus chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in the global TROPiCS-02 study. TROPiCS-02 enrolled few Asian patients. Here we report results of SG in Asian patients with HR+HER2- mBC from the EVER-132-002 study. Patients were randomized to SG (n = 166) or chemotherapy (n = 165). The primary endpoint was met: PFS was improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.87; P = 0.0028; median 4.3 versus 4.2 months). OS also improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.88; P = 0.0061; median 21.0 versus 15.3 months). The most common grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia, leukopenia and anemia. SG demonstrated significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PFS and OS versus chemotherapy, with a manageable safety profile consistent with prior studies. SG represents a promising treatment option for Asian patients with HR+HER2- mBC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier no. NCT04639986 ).
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by abdominal discomfort and occasional diarrhea. The pathogenesis of IBS-D is thought to be related to a combination of factors, including psychological stress, abnormal muscle contractions, and inflammation and disorder of the gut microbiome. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis of the logical regulatory correlation among these factors. In this study, we found that stress induced hyperproduction of xanthine and altered the abundance and metabolic characteristics of Lactobacillus murinus in the gut. Lactobacillus murinus-derived spermidine suppressed the basal expression of type I interferon (IFN)-α in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by inhibiting the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3. The reduction in IFN-α unrestricted the contractile function of colonic smooth muscle cells, resulting in an increase in bowel movement. Our findings provided a theoretical basis for the pathological mechanism of, and new drug targets for, stress-exposed IBS-D.
Keywords: AdorA2B; Lactobacillus murinus; irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea; spermidine; stress; type I interferon; xanthine.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
The severe bronchiolitis endotype characterized by a high abundance of H. influenzae, high proportion of RV-A and RV-C infections, and high asthma genetic risk had a significantly higher risk for developing asthma.
Background: Infants with bronchiolitis are at increased risk for developing asthma. Growing evidence suggests bronchiolitis is a heterogeneous condition. However, little is known about its biologically distinct subgroups based on the integrated metagenome and asthma genetic risk signature and their longitudinal relationships with asthma development.
Methods: In a multi-center prospective cohort study of infants with severe bronchiolitis (i.e., bronchiolitis requiring hospitalization), we profiled nasopharyngeal airway metagenome and virus at hospitalization, and calculated the polygenic risk score of asthma. Using similarity network fusion clustering approach, we identified integrated metagenome-asthma genetic risk endotypes. We also examined their longitudinal association with the risk of developing asthma by age six years.
Results: Of 450 infants with bronchiolitis (median age, 3 months), we identified five distinct endotypes-characterized by their nasopharyngeal metagenome, virus, and asthma genetic risk profiles. Compared with endotype A infants (who clinically resembled "classic" bronchiolitis), endotype E infants (characterized by a high abundance of H. influenzae, high proportion of RV-A and RV-C infections, and high asthma genetic risk) had a significantly higher risk for developing asthma (35.9% versus 16.7%; ORadj, 2.24; 95%CI, 1.02-4.97; p=0.046). The pathway analysis showed that endotype E had enriched microbial pathways (e.g., glycolysis, L-lysine, arginine metabolism) and host pathways (e.g., IFNs, IL-6/JAK/STAT3, fatty acids, MHC, and immunoglobin-related) (FDR<0.05). Additionally, endotype E had a significantly higher proportion of neutrophils (FDR<0.05).
Conclusion: In this multi-center prospective cohort study of infant bronchiolitis, the clustering analysis of integrated-omics data identified biologically distinct endotypes with differential risks for developing asthma.
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