西安交通大学第二附属医院-出血性水痘-专家在线问诊-京东健康互联网医院

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西安交通大学第二附属医院(西北医院)、西安交通大学第二临床医学院是国家教育部、国家卫健委直管的集医疗、教学、科研、康复及预防保健为一体的大型综合性医院，国家三级甲等医院。大医大义抗战迁陕医院是1912年由国家教育部创办的中国第一所国立高等医学院校——北京医学专门学校、国立北平大学医学院附属医院发展而来，1937年在全民抗战的烽火中，为民族大义，为拯救和保存中国高等医学教育，迁陕重建，是西北第一所大学附属医院，奠基并发展了西北地区的高等医学教育和现代临床医学。尚德仁医求精创新医院现开放病床2580张，年门急诊量220余万人次，年收住各类病人近11万人次。现有3858余名教职工，拥有近600名副高级以上专业技术职称专家，50余名享受国家特殊津贴的专家教授及各类科技人才;200余名专家分别担任全国和省市级医学专业学会的主任委员、副主任委员或常委、委员等职务。医院现设有53个临床医技科室、6个专科病院、17个学科系、2个教研室以及创新港科研平台医学人工智能研究院、精准医疗研究院，加快建设国家区域医疗中心，拥有数量众多的国家重点学科和国家临床重点专科，其中骨科、消化内科、临床专科护理、地方病科（地方性骨病、心肌病、碘相关及甲状腺疾病）、麻醉科、皮肤科、呼吸内科、耳鼻咽喉头颈外科、急诊科、中医科、血液内科、小儿外科、肿瘤病院、心血管病院、脑科病院、妇科、普通外科、老年病科、医学影像科、内分泌科为国家临床重点专科；小儿外科、肿瘤病院、心血管病院、神经病院为国家重大疾病多学科合作诊疗能力建设项目；中医科被卫生部、国家中医药管理局、总后卫生部评为全国综合医院中医药工作示范单位；骨外科、普通外科、呼吸内科、耳鼻咽喉科、血液内科被陕西省卫健委评为陕西省医学重点学科；皮肤病院、消化内科、眼科、泌尿外科、麻醉科被陕西省卫健委评为陕西省优势医疗专科；中医肾病学科被陕西省中医药管理局评为陕西省中医重点学科；心血管内科、产科、新生儿科、肝胆外科、小儿外科、神经内科、泌尿外科为陕西省临床重点建设专科。心血管内科、神经内科、肾病内科、内分泌科、神经外科、胸外科、心外科、妇产科、感染科、医学康复科、重症医学科和干部保健等学科在相关领域的研究和诊治方面均形成了各自突出的优势，在西北及陕西省医学界中具有重要影响和学术地位，在广大百姓群众中也享有极高的认可度和良好的口碑。医院临床医学教育现下设17个学科系和1个教研室，博士、硕士学位临床医学所有学科全面覆盖。现为国家级“临床技能实验教学示范中心”、全国“住院医师规范化培训基地”、“专科医师规范化培训制度试点基地”，陕西省“研究生示范性联合培养基地”。桃李天下科研创新医院现为教育部临床技能实验教学示范中心建设单位。设有17个临床学科系和1个教研室，承担着博士后、博士、硕士、本科生、留学生多个层次的教学培养任务和陕西省全科医师培训工作及各专业国家继续教育项目。培养的上万名高级医学人才遍布全国各地及世界。承担国家卫生部高等医药院校统编教材编修任务，获得数十项国家、省部级教学成果奖和现代教育技术成果奖。作为国家医学科研单位，医院承担了数百项国家、部、省、市级医学科研课题，每年获国家自然科学基金等各级各类科研基金立项项目百余项;近十年著(译)高水平的学术专著40余部，获国家科技进步二等奖一项，省级以上科技进步奖近60项，其中省级科技成果一等奖十余项，获专利近百项。年均发表SCI收录论文成倍增长，影响因子逐年提高。不辱使命勇于担当医院与省内外百余家基层医院建立托管、医联体和协作关系，充分发挥国家队的指导作用。坚持履行国家公立医院的社会责任，数十年如一日下乡巡回医疗、医疗扶贫、援助基层，对口支援西藏阿里地区、新疆等地区，进行医疗帮扶，多年承担苏丹、马拉维等非洲国家的医疗援助工作。在重大自然灾害、紧急抢险和突发事件发生时，及时发挥陕西省医疗应急救援队的职责、派出医护专家权威指导、救治在第一线。受到各级政府的高度肯定。规范管理力创最佳严格规范的管理体系，大医精诚、尊师重教的文化传承，使得医院多次受到国家和上级表彰。医院两次获国家卫生部等部委联合授予的“全国医药卫生系统先进集体”;中央文明委授予的“全国文明单位"及全国总工会“抗震救灾重建家园工人先锋号”称号，连续获得“陕西省三八红旗手(集体)”及“优质护理示范工程先进医院”“陕西省抗疫先进集体”等称号。医院多名医护人员先后获得国际南丁格尔奖、国家五一劳动奖、全国卫生系统先进个人、中国医师奖、全国先进教师、全国抗疫先进个人、中国五四青年奖章、全国及省白求恩精神奖、全国优秀护士、陕西省优秀护士，省优秀共产党员、陕西省五四青年奖章、三秦最美医务工作者等奖励和荣誉称号。拓展空间更上层楼为了满足人民群众不断增长的就医需求，突破医院物理空间受限的瓶颈，医院提出以院本部为中心，“压旧扩新”、优质医疗资源向周边辐射扩展的发展战略，清晰绘制出“一院四区”（多区）蓝图框架：“一院”即地处西五路的主院区，“四区”即大明宫院区、秦汉新城院区、临潼渭北院区、宝鸡蟠龙院区。大明宫院区已于2019年4月全面开诊，实现了主院区各个专业的同质拓展。其他园区建设进展有序。传承及创新是前行的动力，发展和服务是永恒的目标，作为大学附属医院，医院将始终保持只争朝夕、奋力拼搏的精神状态，深入贯彻落实党的十九大精神，与时俱进做好医院顶层设计与战略谋划，为医院未来十年各项事业的建设和发展谋篇布局，锐意进取，全力打造一个百姓放心、同行认可、国家满意、国际知名的高水平研究型临床医学院。新时代，医院高扬“胸怀大局，弘扬传统、无私奉献、艰苦创业”的西迁精神，坚持“仁心仁术、尚德尚医、求实奉献、开拓创新”的院训，一如既往为百姓的健康保驾护航，助力健康中国建设。水痘-带状疱疹病毒感染免疫功能不全者时出现的水痘症型。出疹后2～3天,疱疹转为出血性,基底组织坏死,呈紫黑色结痂,可伴消化道、泌尿道及鼻腔出血,重者可危及生命，水痘-带状疱疹病毒感染，全身，自限性疾病,治疗上主要采取对症治疗。皮肤瘙痒者可以口服抗组胺药,若疱疹未破裂,可局部涂擦炉甘石洗剂以止痒,若因搔抓或挤压致疱疹破裂,可用抗生素软膏涂抹患处。中医服用小儿豉翘清热颗粒、双黄连口服液、黄栀花口服液等，天花，宜清淡易消化,营养丰富食物,忌辛辣刺激油腻生冷的食物。，血常规检查,疱疹刮片检查,抗原检查和核酸检测，。

true 李蕊联副主任医师

三级甲等西安交通大学第二附属医院

好评率：99% 接诊量：1121 平均响应：2小时

皮肤科常见病多发病的诊治。尤其在激光治疗太田痣、雀斑、黄褐斑、痤疮疤痕、损容性疤痕、汗管瘤、睑黄瘤、毛细血管扩张、玫瑰痤疮等方面积累了丰富的临床经验。

true 夏育民主任医师

三级甲等西安交通大学第二附属医院

好评率：99% 接诊量：171 平均响应：5小时

免疫相关性皮肤病，包括银屑病、湿疹、红斑狼疮、白癜风等，以及常见疾病如痤疮、毛囊炎、荨麻疹、激素依赖性皮炎、病毒疣、血管瘤等。

true 倪建龙副主任医师

三级甲等西安交通大学第二附属医院

好评率：100% 接诊量：2 平均响应：-

骨关节疾病的微创治疗，运动损伤疾病的微创治疗，脊柱退行性病变的诊治

true 郑百俊副主任医师

三级甲等西安交通大学第二附属医院

好评率：- 接诊量：- 平均响应：-

待补充

true 黄绍平主任医师

三级甲等西安交通大学第二附属医院

好评率：99% 接诊量：235 平均响应：-

小儿神经系统疾病如癫痫、智力低下、脑瘫痪、脑炎、脑膜炎、神经肌肉疾病

true 袁景奕副主任医师

三级甲等西安交通大学第二附属医院

好评率：100% 接诊量：2 平均响应：-

1.面部复发性皮炎、激素依赖性皮炎、化妆品过敏性皮炎、玫瑰痤疮2.各型银屑病、湿疹、异位性皮炎3.各种类型痤疮4.白癜风、黄褐斑和其他色素性异常性皮肤病

true 刘晶主治医师

三级甲等西安交通大学第二附属医院

好评率：99% 接诊量：398 平均响应：-

痤疮、敏感肌、激素依赖性皮炎，激光美肤（太田痣、雀斑、痤疮瘢痕、嫩肤等），除皱、瘦脸等微创美容治疗，鲜红斑痣的光动力治疗

true 李刚副主任医师

三级甲等西安交通大学第二附属医院

好评率：100% 接诊量：25 平均响应：15分钟

泌尿结石前列腺疾病泌尿系统肿瘤泌尿系统梗阻男科疾患

true 南宁主治医师

三级甲等西安交通大学第二附属医院

好评率：100% 接诊量：3347 平均响应：15分钟

功能泌尿，压力性尿失禁，神经源性膀胱，膀胱过度活动，膀胱脱垂及常规泌尿系肿瘤，良性疾病的诊治

true 陈芬荣主治医师

三级甲等西安交通大学第二附属医院

好评率：97% 接诊量：130 平均响应：30分钟

胃肠镜下各种微创治疗（如息肉，食管胃底静脉曲张，狭窄扩张等），小肠镜检查及镜下治疗

接诊医生：

2024-10-31 23:34:48

科普文章

关于水痘疫苗的真相

水痘的由来可以追溯到 17 世纪的欧洲。英国医生理查德·莫顿，认为这种主要影响儿童的空气传播疾病，是一种温和形式的天花病，所以创造出“水痘”这一名称。天花随着“牛痘疫苗”的普及已经淡出了我们的世界，接种疫苗是预防传染病最经济最有效的手段。

水痘可以通过接种疫苗预防吗？为什么接种了水痘疫苗还是会被感染？既然接种了水痘还会被感染，是不是就不用接种了？要怎么样接种才可以更好的预防水痘？今天我们来了解关于水痘疫苗的真相，继续和喵妈一起“战痘”吧！

水痘可以通过接种疫苗预防吗？

当然可以，预防水痘感染的有效方法就是接种疫苗。

水痘疫苗是一种减毒活疫苗，既可防止易感人群感染，也可减轻已感染者的症状，降低并发症发生几率。对于仅接种过一剂水痘疫苗的人，只要距第一剂疫苗接种时间达 3 个月，就应给予第 2 剂疫苗以完成免疫系列接种。妊娠前接种水痘疫苗可以很好的保护孕妇、胎儿和新生儿不受水痘侵害。

哪些人不适合接种水痘疫苗?

•妊娠女性、婴儿；

•正在接受抗肿瘤化疗的人；

•有先天性或获得性 T 淋巴细胞免疫缺陷的人，如 AIDS 患者；

•正在接受免疫抑制的人，如服用抗排异药物的器官移植患者、接受生物制剂治疗的自身免疫性疾病患者、长期应用高剂量全身性糖皮质激素治疗的患者等；

•尚未控制的中度或重度急性疾病患者无论是否伴有发热，如呼吸道感染、中耳炎、胃肠炎等更严重的疾病。因为接种的疫苗不良反应可能会使基础疾病更加复杂，或者把基础疾病的表现可错误地归咎于疫苗。

•正在使用可影响机体免疫状况的血制品时，如丙种球蛋白会干扰免疫应答，不建议使用期间接种水痘疫苗。

•其他可以对机体免疫功能严重影响的情况。

•对水痘疫苗或是水痘疫苗成分(如新霉素、明胶)发生过严重过敏反应的人。

特别说明：

•感染水痘并痊愈的人，一般可以获得持久免疫，通常不再需要接种水痘疫苗。

•接种水痘疫苗要权衡利弊，考虑接种后患者是否获益更多，对于某些免疫功能受损但程度不是很严重的个体，如果接种后获益更多，也可以在医生指导下接种。

•无重度免疫抑制的 HIV 感染者可接种单抗原水痘疫苗。

•较低剂量、局部使用或吸入性糖皮质激素治疗不是水痘疫苗接种的禁忌证。

•水痘疫苗不含鸡蛋蛋清成分，鸡蛋过敏不是接种水痘疫苗的禁忌症。

如果不小心接触了水痘患者，还有没有预防办法？

接触了以后也不要过分担心，我们可以通过评估暴露的程度、发生严重感染的风险程度以及对机体对 VZV 的易感性，决定是提供主动免疫(水痘疫苗)还是被动免疫(水痘特异性抗体；VariZIG )。对于不适合接种水痘疫苗的人群推荐使用 VariZIG 进行免疫预防，尤其是孕妇、新生儿和免疫低下。

已经接种了水痘疫苗还会感染水痘吗？

会的。只接种过一剂水痘疫苗的儿童在暴露于 VZV 后有 20％可能发生水痘感染。这就是突破性水痘.“突破性水痘”是指既往接种过水痘疫苗，但在暴露于野生型病毒后发生的感染的水痘类型。值得强调的是，接种过水痘疫苗的儿童，罹患水痘后多为轻型。感染者通常无发热，皮疹可能为斑丘疹而不是水泡，且疱疹数<50 个(未接种疫苗的儿童感染者平均在 300 个左右)。但是突破性水痘患者依然是水痘的传染源，应该隔离至疱疹至干痂为止。

突破性水痘是因为疫苗没有发挥作用吗？

其实不完全是，发生突破性水痘的原因有两种，一种是因为指接种疫苗未能使机体产生相应的免疫力，其中接种单剂后会有 25％甚至更多的人不能形成针对水痘的免疫力，即接种失败，但接种两剂疫苗失败率可以降到 1%以下。当然突破性水痘也可能是因为初始疫苗形成免疫力不够持久，逐渐下降，这也是青少年和成人接种水痘后仍然感染的原因之一。

既然接种了水痘还会被感染，是不是就不用接种了？

不是的，研究表面对于 14 岁以下的儿童，接种疫苗可以减轻患者出疹症状，减少并发症尤其是严重并发症的发生。这也是喵喵仅仅出了五个痘的原因，就是因为她接种了一剂水痘疫苗。2014 年 6 月发布的《世界卫生组织关于水痘和带状疱疹病毒疫苗立场文件》中提到，接种 1 剂水痘疫苗的目的在于减少重症和降低死亡率，而接种 2 剂水痘疫苗才能进一步减少病例数和暴发疫情发生。

在《关于水痘的十万个为什么》里喵妈提到，喵喵仅接种了一剂水痘疫苗，所以对水痘的预防效果有限，她就是一例突破性水痘患者。也正是由于这一剂水痘疫苗，使她的症状很轻，没有发热，仅在小腿、腹部皮肤出现 5 个红色丘疹，也没有明显瘙痒，3 天后就结痂愈合了。由于突破性水痘患者依然有传染性，所以居家隔离了一周。喵喵因为感染水痘获得了更持久的免疫，自然就不再需要接种第二剂了。

水痘疫苗属于二类疫苗需要自费接种，但是自费接种不代表可种可不种，对于水痘易感人群强烈推荐接种。

教你两招搞定孕妇水痘

水痘由水痘带状疱疹病毒感染引起，潜伏期 10-20 天，人是唯一传染源，传染性非常强，从出疹 1-2 天到皮疹干燥结痂，都有传染性，可以经过飞沫及接触传染，被污染的用具，衣服，敷料，玩具传染，孕妇感染水痘后，面临两个风险，一个是对母亲的影响，另一个是对胎儿的影响。

对孕妇的影响

表现为发热和疱疹，病情可以自愈，一般产生终身免疫，孕妇免疫力差，可以合并肺炎，脑炎并继发性细菌感染

对胎儿的影响

孕 20 周内感染水痘可以出现四肢发育不全，视网膜炎，皮肤疤痕（先天性水痘综合症），孕 20 周以后对胎儿发育无影响，胎儿有可能感染水痘病毒，并于出生后的新生儿期或者儿童期发生带状疱疹。

临产期感染水痘，可以导致新生儿水痘，引起严重后果，感染者死亡率可达 30%以上

如果以前患过水痘，可以忽略以下内容

搞定孕妇水痘两招

第一招

准备备孕前提前注射水痘疫苗，注射完成三个月后怀孕，可以对 85%人群有预防作用

注射方法： 12-18 个月可以开始注射，13 岁以下注射一次，13 岁以上注射两次，两次注射间隔 4-8 周

第二招

当与疑似水痘的人接触后，紧急注射带状疱疹免疫球蛋白，注射时间最迟不要超过接触后 96 小时，可以提供预防水痘作用 3 周，3 周后如果再次接触疑似水痘病人，可以重复注射

水痘带状疱疹怎么治疗

水痘和带状疱疹是由同一病毒毒，水痘带状疱疹病毒感染所引起的，临床表现不同的两种疾病，水痘为原发性感染，多见于儿童临床特征，同时出现全身性的丘疹，水痘及结痂带状疱疹是潜伏于感觉神经节的水痘带状疱疹病毒，在激活后发生皮肤感染，沿身体周围神经出现的成带状分布成簇，出现的疱疹为特征，多见于常人。

一，水痘的治疗

一般性的治疗和对症治疗，患者应隔离发热时，应保证充分的休息，给予容易消化的饮食和补充水分，加强护理，保持皮肤的清洁，避免抓挠，防止皮疹继发感染。骚痒的可以用炉甘石洗剂涂擦疱疹，破裂的可用龙胆紫或者抗生素软膏，防止感染，饮食上清淡饮食，禁止吃辛辣，刺激性饮食或者带有发性的食物，比如鸡蛋，鱼虾等海鲜，发热时禁用肾上腺皮质激素。

抗病毒治疗，如果皮疹出现 24 小时内进行治疗，能够控制皮疹的发展，加速病情的恢复，临床上一般用伐昔洛韦，日两次口服。

防止并发症，继发细菌感染时选择抗生素。

二，带状疱疹治疗

该病为自限性疾病，治疗原则为止痛，抗病毒治疗，预防继发感染

抗病毒药物治疗可用阿昔洛韦。

疱疹局部可用阿昔洛韦乳膏涂擦，神经疼痛剧烈，可以镇痛药，保持皮损处的清洁，防止继发性感染。

罹患双癌，依然有办法治疗！“海外二诊”为客户快速链接全球权威专家资源！

病症：胃癌恶性黑色素瘤

患者：李女士

年龄：70岁

罹患癌症，毫无疑问对每个人都是重大打击。而如果一位患者不幸同时罹患两种癌症，我们可以想象得出他的心情会是怎样的沉重。

但时至今日，癌症早已不再是什么“不治之症”，很多良好的治疗方法，可帮助患者迈过重重困境，预后得到极大提升。

不仅如此，在医疗全球化的今天，中国患者也能通过“海外二诊”服务，快速触达到国际权威专家资源，为自己的治疗保驾护航！

今天的案例主人公李女士，正是一位“海外二诊”的受益者。我们来一起看看她的故事。*为保护隐私，文中患者个人信息均已经脱敏处理。

70岁的李女士在去年年底，因脚底疼痛去医院看病，结果发现脚后跟有一个1厘米的黑色肿物。医生判断是冻疮，于是开了点外用药，李女士也就没有再放在心上。

大概4个月后，真正的噩梦降临：李女士通过影像检查，被诊断为胃癌，而且有了淋巴结转移。她还出现了多次呕血，病情非常危急。很快,医生为她实施了全胃切除。令人意想不到的是，几天后通过检查，医生发现李女士后脚跟的肿物竟然也是癌症——恶性黑色素瘤。于是大概2个月后，医生又切除了她的足底肿瘤。

为了降低复发风险，李女士开始了3个周期的化疗联合免疫治疗（替吉奥联合纳武单抗）。

虽然该做的都已做完，但对于李女士来说，恐惧感还远未被消除。因为癌症最令人恐惧的，是其具有“复发转移”的能力。一旦癌症再次袭来，李女士不知道自己该如何应对。另外，两种癌症的治疗以及术后辅助药物治疗，也让李女士遭遇了一些副作用。比如腹泻、味觉障碍还有体重明显下降的问题。这些对于已经70岁的李女士来说，都很影响生活质量，所以迫切需要解决。

在本次的国际专家“海外二诊”服务中，李女士预约的是来自日本某知名综合性医院肿瘤中心的外科部长医生，他的专长领域既包括肿瘤外科，又包括各类癌症药物疗法、姑息治疗，是一位“内外兼修”的权威专家。在充分了解了李女士既往的病情和治疗经过后，医生很快通过远程会诊的方式，为患者详细解答了当前她的所有问题。

1、未来如果转移或复发了该怎么办？

医生：假如您未来不幸出现转移或复发，那么化疗是核心治疗手段。对于单发的孤立转移灶，可以选择手术、放疗来进行局部治疗。

具体化疗方案选择，我按使用的先后顺序列出了3类，当前面的方案失效后，可更换为后面的方案。

一类方案：化疗联合/不联合免疫方案

CAPOX (卡培他滨+奥沙利铂)±O药（即免疫药物纳武单抗）

SOX (替吉奥+奥沙利铂)±O药

FOLFOX (5-FU+奥沙利铂)±O药

二类方案：化疗联合/不联合抗血管药物方案

Taxane (紫杉醇/白蛋白结合型紫杉醇/多西紫杉醇)±雷莫芦单抗

三类方案：化疗方案

曲氟尿苷/盐酸替吡嘧啶

伊立替康

2、N K细胞疗法是否对我有帮助？副作用是否可控？ X医生：目前尚没有证据表明NK细胞疗法对癌症有效，因此不予推荐。

3、口服替吉奥会腹泻，是否需要调整方案？ II/III期胃癌患者术后采用辅助治疗方案，分别为：

替吉奥口服 1 年（口服 4 周，停药 2 周，共 8 个疗程或口服 2 周，停药 1 周，共 16个疗程）

CAPOX (卡培他滨+奥沙利铂) 共半年（每 3 周一次，共 8 个疗程）

SOX (替吉奥+奥沙利铂) 共半年（每 3 周一次，共 8 个疗程）

这三种方案中，替吉奥方案和CAPOX方案等效，但SOX要优于替吉奥。另外，胃癌术后直接使用纳武单抗免疫治疗无意义。

替吉奥确实会出现腹泻等代表性不良反应，患者可以考虑对症治疗，比如调节肠道的药物、止泻药等缓解副作用。如果副作用太严重，那么可以考虑减少药物剂量。

替吉奥的标准用药剂量为120mg，但用量低于80mg无法达到预期效果。如果当前患者用药为100mg，那么为了降低副作用，可以减少剂量到80mg；但如果目前剂量已经是80mg，则无法进一步降低剂量，此时考虑更换方案为CAPOX方案替代。如果不良反应严重到干扰日常生活，则患者可以选择停药，持续观察病情变化。

对于无淋巴结转移的II期B和II其C的患者，可选择使用1年帕博丽珠单抗免疫治疗。

4 、术后患者很瘦，味觉障碍，如何调理改善？通常，手术后患者体重会减轻20%左右。这是患者消化吸收能力低下、促食欲的胃肠激素减少引起的。大约6个月到1年时间，患者可以恢复正常。

味觉障碍可能是抗癌药的副作用引起的，也可能是饮食减少导致缺乏锌等微量元素引起的。建议患者采用少食多餐的方式饮食，每天分5-6次吃饭。在日本，我们有时也会给患者用一些营养补充剂。

另外，也可以考虑采用中草药的对症治疗，改善症状，比如十全大补汤、六君子汤。会诊结束后，李女士的心情得到了极大的平复。她对自己未来要走的路更清晰了，也对日本专家的细致指导和会诊的快速响应非常满意。

高龄+多基础病，该手术还是姑息治疗？日本专家为7旬胃癌患者一锤定音！

中国是消化道癌症发病数量较多的国家，根据国家癌症中心发布的《2022年中国恶性肿瘤疾病负担情况》数据，2022年我国胃癌新发病例约为35.87万例，死亡人数26.04万人。

总体来说，胃癌属于严重威胁我国国民生命健康的蕞常见癌症之一。胃癌如能在早、中期发现，还是有很大机会通过手术实现根治的，患者仍有一定机会得到临床治愈（术后5年不复发即为临床治愈）。

但在胃癌患者中，一部分人会因为【年龄较高】、伴有诸多【基础病】等问题，对手术存有疑虑，担心“下不来手术台”，甚至会放弃手术机会，选择吃药等姑息治疗。这样的选择真的正确吗？现如今的技术能否支持这类老年患者安全手术呢？接下来，我们一起看一个真实案例。

01七旬老人遭遇中期胃癌

一位七十多岁的“老胃病”项女士，因短时间体重骤降（8斤）前往就医。血液检测显示，她有一项指标异常升高。进一步检查发现，她的食道和胃连接的地方（贲门）以及胃的“外墙”（胃壁）都变得异常的厚，而且形状不均匀——这正是胃癌常见的表现。

医生随后通过胃镜检查和病例活检（取一小块组织观察上面的细胞），确诊了老人患有胃癌。由于还没有出现胃以外的远处其他器官的转移，也没有附近淋巴结转移，因此项女士的胃癌分期为中期。虽不是早期，但中期胃癌通常是可以手术的。为项女士提供诊疗的医生也表示，可以通过全胃切除手术实现根治。

但一来项女士已经七十多岁，二来她有20多年的糖尿病（手术伤口会更慢愈合、感染风险高、术后并发症风险高）、右肺还有一枚1.2厘米的肺结节。种种问题让老人和家人们都比较犹豫，担心扛不住治疗，最终“越治越糟”。在这样的背景下，项女士决定找一位足够权威的外科专家，来为自己进行全面评估，看看能不能兼顾好肿瘤根治以及手术的安全性。

不久后，项女士预约了来自日本癌研有明医院消化中心胃外科部长布部创也医生为自己提供指导。

02日本专家咨询内容分享

在充分了解了项女士的病情信息和全部资料后，布部创也医生给出了如下指导建议：首先，患者此前接受的是普通CT而非增强CT，胃镜也没有清晰展示食道上肿瘤具体侵犯的程度，因此很难得出精准的分期判断。

后面患者来癌研有明医院就医时，医疗团队会在治疗前为她做一套非常精细、全面的检查，此后就可以明确肿瘤情况了。届时如果发现患者的分期、肿瘤侵犯的范围确实和现在的结果相同，那么可以通过一个腹腔镜微创手术实现根治，损伤会非常小；如果届时发现肿瘤侵犯食道过多，则需要消化道联合食道外科共同进行胸腔镜手术治疗。

但无论是哪一种情况，患者都可以耐受手术，并且保留一部分胃。癌研有明医院是一家极为擅长肿瘤微创手术的知名癌症专科医院。在胃癌方面，2005年，医院开始导入腹腔镜，2019年又引入了达芬奇手术机器人，患者术后并发症更少了。如今，癌研有明医院98%的外科手术都采用微创。

受益于此，很多在别的医院需要胃全切的胃癌患者，到癌研有明后可以保留一部分胃，还能兼顾临床治愈。这对于术后患者的长期营养摄入和体重维持都很有帮助。布部创也医生所在科室的主要目标之一，正是在做到根治性切除的前提之下，将原本的胃全切术式变为次全胃切除术，尽可能为患者保留一些胃，让他们未来的生活质量得到提升。

那么项女士的糖尿病问题，会不会影响到手术呢？对此，布部创也医生认为完全不必担心，因为对于这类患者，癌研有明医院会进行详细的术前评估，并且有专业团队介入，从生活方式调整和专业治疗入手，帮助患者控制好血糖，让血糖水平达到符合手术的标准，从而降低术后愈合不良风险。

关于肺部的1.2厘米结节，布部医生认为可以暂不处理，无论它到底是良性还是恶性。因为这枚结节属于纯磨玻璃结节，即便是恶性，进展也非常缓慢，并不会快速出现转移扩散。而胃癌根治手术虽然会采用微创方式，但依然会给患者带来一定的负担，如果同时处理肺结节，会导致负担过重、患者难以承受。所以当前蕞好的处理办法，是先集中精力解决胃癌肿瘤，术后安排呼吸科专家为患者进行肺结节诊断，给出随访或手术或根治性放疗的建议。

03项女士术后，是否需要化疗来降低复发风险、争取更大治愈希望？

对此，布部创也医生表示，是否化疗现在还不能判断。因为术后患者能获得蕞精准的分期判断，有可能患者术前被认为是2期，但实际上术后成了1期（无需化疗）；有时也可能患者术前是1期，但术后成了2-3期。假如是2-3期，则患者术后需要坚持1年的辅助化疗，大概可以降低10%的复发风险。

有效减少不良反应，AD新药改良给药方案来了

当地时间10月29日礼来宣布了Ⅲb期临床试验（TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 6）的积极结果，对于早期症状性阿尔茨海默病成人患者，用改良滴定方案接受donanemab治疗的患者在24周主要终点时，伴水肿/积液的淀粉样蛋白相关影像学异常（ARIA-E）有所减少。

donanemab这个新药在今年7月获批于美国，又在之后获日本厚生劳动省、英国药品和医疗产品监管局批准，用于轻度阿尔茨海默病、轻度认知功能障碍的治疗。donanemab在国内2023年取得突破性治疗药物认定，并纳入优先审评审批程序，目前还在审评审批过程中。

CDE官网截图

但在FDA说明书中有黑框警告，大意是应用该药时应注意淀粉样蛋白相关影像学异常（ARIA），表现为ARIA-E和ARIA伴含铁血黄素沉积（ARIA-H），通常发生在治疗早期，且无症状，很少发生严重和危及生命的事件。本次试验的积极结果和这个黑框警告相关。一起来看详情。

FDA说明书截图

给药方式有哪些改变？会不会影响效果？

TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 6是一项多中心随机双盲Ⅲb期研究，主要研究donanemab的不同给药方案对早期症状性AD患者ARIA-E和淀粉样蛋白清除率的影响，这里的早期AD指的是轻度认知障碍（MCI）和轻度痴呆疾病阶段。

给药方式和既往不同，既往标准给药方案是在前三次输注时接受2瓶（700mg）donanemab，然后再接受4瓶（1400mg）；改良滴定方式是患者第一次输注1瓶（350mg），第二次输注2瓶（700mg），第三次输注3瓶（1050mg），此后每次输注4瓶（1400mg）。

研究的主要终点是第24周时患者出现ARIA-E占总参与者的比例，结果显示接受改良滴定方式的患者ARIA-E发生率为14%，而标准给药方案为24%，相对风险降低41%。载脂蛋白E（APOE）是已知的阿尔茨海默病遗传风险因素的携带者，在这些患者中，19%患者在改良滴定时患有ARIA-E，而标准给药方案中为57%，相对风险降低67%。

看到这里你或许也有疑问，虽然ARIA-E的发生风险降低了，但改良滴定方案会不会影响疗效？答案是不会。

与接受标准给药方案的患者相比，改良滴定患者淀粉样斑块和p-tau217减少。改良滴定的患者的淀粉样斑块水平较基线平均降低 67%，而标准给药组患者为69%。

参考来源

1.Modified Titration of Donanemab Demonstrated Reduction of ARIA-E in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer's Disease Patients in Phase Ⅲb study.

2.CED官网.

3.A Study of Different Donanemab (LY3002813) Dosing Regimens in Adults With Early Alzheimer's Disease (TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 6).

重磅！白血病一线新药获FDA加速批准

当地时间10月29日，阿西米尼（asciminib）获美国食品药品管理局（FDA）加速批准^[1] ，用于慢性期新诊断的费城染色体阳性慢性粒细胞白血病（Ph+CML）成年患者。CML是一种骨髓和血细胞癌症，通常由费城染色体的异常染色体引起。在一线治疗中，约1/3的患者会出现下列问题：由于不良反应或者治疗无效而停止酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKI）治疗。

为了解决这一问题，需要开发新的药物，asciminib就是解决这一困境的新药。早在2022年8月，加拿大药物和卫生技术局（CADTH）建议^[2] ：“若满足条件，可通过公共药物计划报销asciminib用于治疗费城染色体阳性慢性粒细胞白血病。”

asciminib为何得到FDA的青睐？

本次获批基于一项III期多中心随机研究，研究目的是比较每日80mg的asciminib与TKI治疗的疗效。TKI治疗是接受伊马替尼、尼洛替尼、达沙替尼或博舒替尼任意一种治疗。

共有405名患者被随机分配（1:1）进两组治疗。主要疗效结局指标是48周时的主要分子反应（MMR）率。这个指标是慢性髓性白血病的关键指标，这个比例越高，说明该治疗在基因水平上对疾病的控制效果越好，能够更有效地抑制疾病相关基因的表达，进而有望更好地控制疾病的进展、改善患者的症状和预后。

研究结果显示，48周时MMR率方面，asciminib组中为68%（95% CI: 61, 74)，TKI组为49%（95% CI: 42, 56），二者相差19%。细看具体的TKI，入组伊马替尼和其他TKI药物入组比例为1:1；asciminib组的MMR率为69%（95% CI: 59, 78），而伊马替尼组为40%（95% CI: 31, 50），相差近30%（95% CI: 17, 42）。

这个新药安全吗？每周需要打几次药？

根据FDA数据显示，在新诊断和既往接受过治疗的患者，应用新药最常见的不良反应（≥20%）是肌肉骨骼疼痛、皮疹、疲劳、上呼吸道感染、头痛、腹痛和腹泻。若只看新诊断的患者，最常见的实验室异常（≥40%）是淋巴细胞计数降低、白细胞计数降低、血小板计数降低、中性粒细胞计数降低等。

根据FDA已批准的asciminib说明书，用药期间还需要注意一下事项：

1.骨髓抑制：用药期间可能因出现骨髓抑制，发生血小板减少症、中性粒细胞减少症和贫血。用药应在治疗的前3个月，需要每两周进行一次全血细胞计数，此后每月进行一次检测，从而判断患者有无骨髓抑制症状。根据严重程度，咨询医生是否需要停药。

2.胰腺毒性：患者可能出现血清脂肪酶和淀粉酶无症状升高，每月需评估血清脂肪酶和淀粉酶水平，如果您有胰腺炎，则注意主动告知医生，需要进行频率更高的检测。

3.高血压风险：可能出现3级或4级高血压风险，应注意检测血压。

4.超敏反应：可能出现3级或4级超敏反应，包括皮疹、水肿和支气管痉挛。如果出现这些症状，需及时反馈医生，医生会根据超敏反应的体征和症状，开始适当的治疗。

5.心血管毒性：如果您有心血管病史，需要告知医生；对于3级或更高级别的心血管毒性，医生会考虑暂停用药、减少剂量或永久停药。

6.胚胎/胎儿毒性：若您在怀孕期间用药或在服用药物期间怀孕，可能对孩子有潜在风险。这个新药是口服药，需要根据不同的给药剂量（80mg或40mg）每天/或每两天用药。

近些年来，还有哪些白血病药物获批FDA？

根据FDA肿瘤学/血液系统恶性肿瘤批准通知，白血病相关新药整理如下表。

另外可以看出21年时asciminib已获批白血病治疗，但限定既往接受过两种或更多TKIs治疗，本次获批属于扩大适应证。

参考来源：

1.FDA grants accelerated approval to asciminib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. 2.Asciminib(Scemblix):CADTHReimbursementRecommendation:Indication:ForthetreatmentofadultpatientswithPhiladelphiachromosome-positivechronicmyeloidleukemia(Ph+CML)inchronicphase(CP)previouslytreatedwith2ormoretyrosinekinaseinhibitors.Ottawa(ON):CanadianAgencyforDrugsandTechnologiesinHealth;2022Aug.PMID:38713779. 3.AStudyofOralAsciminibVersusOtherTKIsinAdultPatientsWithNewlyDiagnosedPh+CML-CP. 4.Product information：SCEMBLIX-asciminibtablet,filmcoated.UpdatedAugust7,2024. 5.Oncology(Cancer)/HematologicMalignanciesApprovalNotifications.

病例31-2023：一名79岁男性，身体不自主运动，一过性反应迟钝

以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。

Presentation of Case

Dr. Carrie Chui (Neurology): A 79-year-old man was admitted to this hospital because of involuntary movements on the left side and transient unresponsiveness.

The patient had been in his usual state of health until 9 months before admission, when involuntary movements of the left shoulder and left side of the face developed. The movements were described by the patient as twitching, were not associated with a change in the level of consciousness, and resolved after 1 to 2 minutes. During the next 6 months, the patient had similar episodes approximately once per month, but the episodes increased in duration, lasting 5 to 6 minutes.

Three months before admission, the episodes of involuntary movements increased in frequency, and the patient was evaluated by his primary care physician. The physical examination was normal. Results of kidney-function tests were normal, as were blood levels of glucose and electrolytes, except for the sodium level, which was 129 mmol per liter (reference range, 135 to 145). There was a history of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, and the sodium level was similar to levels obtained during the past 4 years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head (Figure 1A), performed before and after the administration of intravenous contrast material, revealed a focus of enhancement in the right middle frontal gyrus that was thought to be a small vascular anomaly. Electroencephalography (EEG), performed with the patient in awake and drowsy states, revealed rare, brief, focal slowing in the left temporal lobe during drowsiness; no epileptiform abnormalities were present.

Figure 1

MRI of the Head and CT Angiogram of the Head and Neck.

Two months before admission, the patient was evaluated in the epilepsy clinic affiliated with this hospital. He reported that the episodes of involuntary movements had increased in both frequency and duration, occurring once or twice per day and lasting approximately 10 minutes. Episodes began with tingling and numbness in the left leg that prompted the patient to voluntarily stomp the left foot to relieve the uncomfortable sensation. Then, the patient had involuntary movements that he described as an uncontrollable invisible force moving the left leg and arm, with hyperextension of the arm backward and pronation of the wrist. There was associated numbness in the distal portions of the left third, fourth, and fifth fingers and involuntary movement of the left cheek. No prodromal symptoms occurred. The patient had awareness during the episodes, and after the episodes, he felt fatigued but had a normal level of consciousness, without confusion. The examination in the epilepsy clinic was normal. A diagnosis of seizure disorder was considered, and treatment with levetiracetam was started.

Three weeks before admission, the patient was again evaluated in the epilepsy clinic. He reported that the episodes of involuntary movements still occurred on a daily basis but had decreased in duration and involved only the left leg, without abnormal movements of the arm or face. Dizziness, headache, and weakness had developed and were attributed to the use of levetiracetam. The patient’s family had recorded a video of one of the episodes of involuntary movements. After reviewing the video, the patient’s neurologist thought that the episodes were less likely to be caused by seizures and more consistent with choreoathetoid movements. Cross-tapering of medications — with the simultaneous administration of levetiracetam in decreasing doses and clobazam in increasing doses — was initiated, and the patient was referred to the movement disorders clinic affiliated with this hospital.

On the morning of admission, an episode of involuntary movements of the left leg and left shoulder occurred and persisted for 1 hour. Several hours after the symptoms abated, the patient’s wife found the patient to be unresponsive; he was sitting in a chair. Emergency medical services were called, and when they arrived, the patient was responsive. The fingerstick blood glucose level was 180 mg per deciliter (10.0 mmol per liter) and the blood pressure 110/80 mm Hg. The patient was transported to the emergency department of this hospital for further evaluation.

In the emergency department, the patient reported dysuria and increased urinary frequency. The patient’s daughter noted that he had been more anxious during the past 3 years and occasionally had trouble with memory. Other medical history included Barrett’s esophagus, benign prostatic hypertrophy, chronic hepatitis B virus infection, eczema, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hypertension, nonischemic cardiomyopathy, and osteoporosis. There was no history of head trauma or extended loss of consciousness. Medications included aspirin, atorvastatin, doxazosin, finasteride, omeprazole, metoprolol, sacubitril, and valsartan. There were no known drug allergies. The patient was a lifelong nonsmoker and drank alcohol rarely; he did not use illicit drugs. His mother had had gastric cancer, and his sister had had esophageal cancer; there was no family history of seizures.

On examination, the temporal temperature was 36.8°C, the blood pressure 152/97 mm Hg, the pulse 65 beats per minute, the respiratory rate 16 breaths per minute, and the oxygen saturation 96% while the patient was breathing ambient air. The body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) was 21.7. The blood pressure decreased to 130/63 mm Hg with standing. The patient was alert and interactive. The lower jaw was held to the left, but the nasolabial folds and smile were symmetric with activation. There were nonrhythmic, nonstereotyped, writhing movements of the left arm. Tone was normal, and strength was assessed as 5 out of 5 in the arms and legs. Results of liver-function and kidney-function tests were normal, as were blood levels of glucose and electrolytes, except for the sodium level, which was 125 mmol per liter. The lactate level was 2.1 mmol per liter (19 mg per deciliter; reference range, 0.5 to 2.0 mmol per liter [5 to 18 mg per deciliter]). The urinalysis was normal. Intravenous fluids were administered. Imaging studies were obtained.

Dr. Rajiv Gupta: Computed tomographic (CT) angiography of the head and neck (Figure 1B) revealed extensively calcified plaque with severe stenosis of the distal right common carotid artery (CCA), extending into the proximal right internal carotid artery (ICA), as well as stenosis of the right and left paraclinoid ICAs and the left vertebral artery at its origin. There was no vascular abnormality on the CT angiogram that corresponded to the abnormality in the right middle frontal gyrus seen on the previous MRI.

Dr. Chui: The patient was admitted to the hospital. On the second hospital day, the sodium level had increased to 130 mmol per liter, and the lactate level was normal. Additional imaging studies were obtained.

Dr. Gupta: MRI of the head showed no evidence of acute infarction. The focus of enhancement in the right frontal lobe that had been noted previously was not seen on the current MRI.

Dr. Chui: Blood levels of thyrotropin, cobalamin, and glycated hemoglobin and results of coagulation tests were normal. Screening tests for Lyme disease, tuberculosis, and syphilis were negative, as were tests for antibodies to cardiolipin and β₂-glycoprotein. A test for antinuclear antibodies was positive, at a titer of 1:160 in a homogeneous pattern. During a physical therapy session, the patient had abnormal movements of the left leg, left arm, and left side of the face. The abnormal movements diminished when the patient used distraction techniques, such as thigh tapping, finger snapping, and walking while holding a glass of water.

The transient unresponsiveness that led to the patient’s admission was attributed to a combination of sedation from clobazam and hypovolemia. Treatment with clobazam was stopped, and hydration was encouraged. A diagnosis of functional neurologic disorder was considered; outpatient physical therapy with continued use of distraction techniques was recommended. The patient was discharged home on the third hospital day.

Episodes of involuntary movements continued to occur on a daily basis at home. Two weeks after discharge, when the patient was doing exercises while sitting in a chair and having a conversation with his wife, he suddenly stopped talking. She found him slumped in the chair with his eyes closed, no longer exercising. When she asked him questions, he repeatedly said “yes.” Emergency medical services were called, and when they arrived, the patient was alert, diaphoretic, and nonverbal. He had a facial droop on the left side and a right gaze preference. The fingerstick blood glucose level was 130 mg per deciliter (7.2 mmol per liter) and the blood pressure 120/60 mm Hg. The patient was transported to the emergency department of this hospital for further evaluation.

In the emergency department, the temporal temperature was 36.6°C, the blood pressure 143/63 mm Hg, the pulse 66 beats per minute, the respiratory rate 18 breaths per minute, and the oxygen saturation 98% while the patient was breathing ambient air. He was alert and interactive. There was a facial droop on the left side. There was no effort against gravity in the left arm. The patient was able to lift the left leg off the bed for 1 to 2 seconds. He had a right gaze deviation that could not be overcome and mild dysarthria. The remainder of the examination was normal. A diagnosis of stroke was considered, and emergency CT angiography was performed.

Dr. Gupta: CT angiography showed no evidence of acute territorial infarction and no changes in cerebrovascular disease.

Dr. Chui: On repeat physical examination performed after CT angiography, the gaze deviation and dysarthria had resolved, and strength was normal. Mild facial paralysis was present.

A diagnosis was made.

Differential Diagnosis

Dr. Albert Y. Hung: This 79-year-old man initially presented with involuntary movements of the left shoulder and face without associated loss of consciousness. Diagnosis of an unusual movement disorder, especially one that is present episodically, can be challenging. Videos brought in by the patient can be very useful.¹ Most movement disorders result from abnormal functioning of extrapyramidal circuits involving the basal ganglia, rather than a specific neuroanatomical lesion, and the first step toward diagnosis is to identify the type of abnormal movements.²

Four salient aspects of this patient’s involuntary movements can help in characterizing the movement disorder before generating a differential diagnosis. First, the movements were paroxysmal, lasting for short periods of time with resolution between episodes. Second, the movements were nonstereotyped, appearing randomly and variably. Third, the movements were restricted to the left side of his body throughout the course, localizing the disease process to the right cerebral hemisphere. Finally, the symptoms were progressive, increasing in both duration and frequency.

Movement Disorders

This patient had abnormal involuntary movements, symptoms indicative of a hyperkinetic movement disorder. Tremor, the most common hyperkinetic disorder, is unlikely because the patient did not have rhythmic movements. Dystonia is also unlikely, because he did not have sustained muscle contractions that were causing twisting or abnormal postures of the legs, arms, head, neck, or face. Although the patient initially described the movements as twitching, his later descriptions are not suggestive of myoclonus or tics, which manifest as sudden, rapid, recurrent movements.

This patient’s neurologist described the involuntary movements as “choreoathetoid” after reviewing a video of an episode. Chorea, athetosis, and ballism make up a spectrum of involuntary movements that often occur in combination. Chorea refers to involuntary movements that are “dancelike” — irregular, random, unintended, and flowing from one body part to another. When these movements are slow and writhing (with a lower amplitude) and involve the distal limbs, the term athetosis is used. The presence of both chorea and athetosis in the same patient is referred to as choreoathetosis. When the movements are fast and flinging (with a higher amplitude) and involve the proximal limbs, the term ballism is used. Although the description of this patient’s movements was not clearly suggestive of ballism, hemichorea and hemiballismus often occur together.

The term dyskinesia can refer to any abnormal movements and is often used to describe hyperkinetic disorders that are induced by specific drugs, such as tardive dyskinesia induced by dopamine antagonists or dyskinesia induced by levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Often, dyskinesia manifests as chorea or choreoathetoid movements, but chorea and dyskinesia are not synonymous. This patient appears to have involuntary dyskinesia with choreoathetosis as the primary phenomenology. Before constructing a differential diagnosis for dyskinesia in this patient, I will consider two conditions that mimic dyskinesia: seizures and functional movement disorder.

Seizures

Various movement disorders may be mistaken for seizures, although these movement disorders are not associated with EEG abnormalities during the episode. Patients with some forms of epilepsy may present with abnormal movements without other features that are typically associated with seizures, such as aura, change in responsiveness, incontinence, or a postictal state.^3,4 Seizures were initially suspected in this patient, and he was referred to the epilepsy clinic. Recurrent focal seizures were probably suspected because of the transient nature of the episodes. Initial MRI had shown a small abnormality in the right middle frontal gyrus, but this finding was not seen on follow-up imaging, which makes it unlikely to be related to the overall presentation. Baseline EEG had shown only brief left temporal slowing, without epileptiform abnormalities. The EEG was an interictal study, so the findings do not rule out seizures. However, the slowing was ipsilateral to the abnormal movements, so it is unlikely to be related to the episodes. In addition, the patient’s involuntary movements were nonstereotyped and nonrhythmic, which makes his presentation unlikely to be due to a seizure disorder.

Functional Movement Disorder

Because this patient’s movements diminished with the use of distraction techniques, a diagnosis of functional movement disorder was considered. Most cases of functional movement disorder begin abruptly after a trigger, such as a mild physical injury or illness; a psychological stressor can be present but is not required for diagnosis. Symptoms are typically most severe around the time of onset and may wax and wane over time. Although distractibility is a finding associated with functional disorders, abnormal movements that occur with nonfunctional syndromes can sometimes be suppressed by action or incorporated into voluntary movements in a manner that may appear distractible. Several clinical features in this patient make a diagnosis of functional disorder unlikely. Functional movement disorder is more common in women than in men, and the average age at onset is 40 years.⁵ In addition, tremor is the most common clinical phenotype seen in patients with functional movement disorder; chorea or choreoathetosis, which was seen in this patient, is very unusual in patients with functional movement disorder. Overall, functional movement disorder is unlikely to explain this patient’s presentation.

Dyskinesia

Primary paroxysmal dyskinesia refers to a group of heterogeneous syndromes characterized by recurrent involuntary movements that occur episodically and abruptly, without loss of consciousness.⁶ These disorders usually begin in childhood or young adulthood. Both the age of this patient and the described phenomenology make a diagnosis of primary paroxysmal dyskinesia unlikely.

The differential diagnosis in this case is therefore focused on causes of secondary dyskinesia, of which there are many.⁷ MRI ruled out the presence of a mass lesion suggestive of cancer. The patient had no history of acute illness suggestive of a viral or other infectious encephalitis, and there was no history of trauma or exposure to drugs or other toxins. Although his daughter mentioned trouble with memory, there was no compelling history suggestive of a neurodegenerative disease.

A common metabolic cause of secondary dyskinesia is diabetic striatopathy, a syndrome involving the acute-to-subacute onset of chorea and ballism in the context of hyperglycemia.⁸ This syndrome can occur as the initial manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus or as a complication of poorly controlled diabetes. Diabetic striatopathy is more likely to develop in women than in men, and the average age at onset is 70 years. Most patients present with hemichorea and hemiballismus, rather than bilateral symptoms. CT shows hyperdensity, and T1-weighted MRI shows hyperintensity, in the contralateral basal ganglia. However, this patient had no history of diabetes and had a normal blood glycated hemoglobin level, features that rule out a diagnosis of diabetic striatopathy.

Choreiform movements can also be a manifestation of autoimmune conditions.⁹ This patient’s initial presentation with unilateral shoulder and face movements would have suggested the possibility of faciobrachial dystonic seizures associated with anti–leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 (anti-LGI1) encephalitis.¹⁰ This condition is often associated with hyponatremia, which was present in this patient. However, as the case evolved, leg involvement and sensory changes developed that would be atypical for anti-LGI1 encephalitis.

One key clue in this case is that the patient did not have an isolated movement disorder. In addition to motor symptoms, he had a variety of sensory symptoms involving both the left arm and the left leg. His first hospital admission was precipitated by an episode of unresponsiveness. The clinical event that led to his second presentation to the emergency department was distinctly different: an acute onset of speech difficulty accompanied by left hemiparesis and right gaze deviation that was worrisome for an acute right middle cerebral artery (MCA) syndrome. The symptoms resolved without intervention, which indicates that he may have had an acute transient ischemic attack (TIA). The most relevant imaging finding was severe cerebrovascular disease, including severe stenosis of the distal right CCA and proximal right ICA. Could this patient’s movement disorder be explained by a vascular lesion?

Limb-Shaking TIAs

Limb-shaking TIAs were first described by C. Miller Fisher in 1962.¹¹ In most case reports, these episodes are associated with high-grade stenosis of the ICA, which was seen in this patient.^12,13 The mechanism is thought to be cerebral hypoperfusion, and changes in posture or head position that decrease cerebral blood flow can precipitate these episodes. In this patient, the first episode of unresponsiveness that led to hospital admission occurred when he was sitting. He then had an acute episode involving right gaze preference that was provoked by exercise and was very suggestive of a TIA in the right MCA territory. These findings are highly suggestive of a diagnosis of limb-shaking TIAs, and I would refer this patient for emergency carotid endarterectomy.

Clinical Impression and Initial Management

Dr. Scott B. Silverman: When I evaluated this patient, his transient right gaze preference and left hemiparesis were consistent with a right MCA syndrome due to a TIA from symptomatic severe stenosis of the right ICA. The mechanism of this event was either artery-to-artery embolism or hypoperfusion. His previous, recurrent episodes of transient choreoathetosis on the left side that had occurred mainly while he was sitting, standing, or exercising were consistent with limb-shaking TIAs from hypoperfusion or low flow.

The pathogenesis of a low-flow state related to severe carotid stenosis resulting in limb-shaking TIAs is described in a small case series.¹⁴ In six out of eight patients, the transient, stereotyped, involuntary movements were eliminated with carotid artery revascularization. Positional cerebral ischemia in patients without orthostatic hypotension has been described.¹⁵

Treatment with atorvastatin was continued, the dose of aspirin was increased to 325 mg per day, and an intravenous heparin infusion was started. The strategy of permissive hypertension was used, with high blood pressure allowed to a maximum systolic blood pressure of 180 mm Hg. The patient was admitted to the stroke service, and carotid artery duplex ultrasonography was performed.

Dr. Gupta: Doppler ultrasonography of the carotid arteries (Figure 2) revealed markedly elevated Doppler flow velocities within the proximal right ICA. There was a parvus et tardus waveform in the distal right ICA, a finding indicative of low flow related to the more proximal high-grade stenosis. The Doppler waveform contours had poststenotic turbulence.

Figure 2

Doppler Ultrasound Image.

Dr. Silverman: The vascular surgery service was consulted, and the patient underwent right carotid endarterectomy.

Clinical Diagnosis

Limb-shaking transient ischemic attacks.

Dr. Albert Y. Hung’s Diagnosis

Limb-shaking transient ischemic attacks due to severe carotid stenosis, with secondary paroxysmal dyskinesia.

Pathological Discussion

Dr. Caroline F. Hilburn: The endarterectomy specimen included the carotid bifurcation and was notable for firm arterial walls, a finding consistent with calcification. On gross examination (Figure 3A), a large plaque was centered at the carotid bifurcation and protruded into the lumen, resulting in a maximal luminal stenosis of 80%. The plaque had an irregular and focally friable surface. On microscopic examination (Figure 3B), the plaque was characterized by extensive calcification. Some regions of the plaque had a smooth, healed fibrous cap, whereas other regions had an irregular surface suggestive of ulceration, which indicated potential sites of plaque rupture. Multiple smaller calcified plaques were present, affecting both branches of the artery.

Figure 3

Endarterectomy Specimen.

Pathological Diagnosis

Complex atherosclerotic plaque with portions of attached media.

Additional Management

Dr. Silverman: After the procedure, the patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged home on the fifth hospital day. He was seen 1 month after discharge in the stroke prevention clinic. There had been no further episodes of involuntary movements or choreoathetosis and no stroke or TIA. The patient continues to take aspirin, atorvastatin, and antihypertensive medications.

Final Diagnosis

Limb-shaking transient ischemic attacks.

病例28-2024：一名75岁女性，患有水肿、关节炎和蛋白尿

以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。

Presentation of Case

Dr. Christine M. Parsons (Medicine): A 75-year-old woman was evaluated at this hospital because of arthritis, abdominal pain, edema, malaise, and fever.

Three weeks before the current admission, the patient noticed waxing and waning “throbbing” pain in the right upper abdomen, which she rated at 9 (on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 indicating the most severe pain) at its maximal intensity. The pain was associated with nausea and fever with a temperature of up to 39.0°C. Pain worsened after food consumption and was relieved with acetaminophen. During the 3 weeks before the current admission, edema developed in both legs; it had started at the ankles and gradually progressed upward to the hips. When the edema began to affect her ambulation, she presented to the emergency department of this hospital.

A review of systems that was obtained from the patient and her family was notable for intermittent fever, abdominal bloating, anorexia, and fatigue that had progressed during the previous 3 weeks. The patient reported new orthopnea and nonproductive cough. Approximately 4 weeks earlier, she had had diarrhea for several days. During the 6 weeks before the current admission, the patient had lost 9 kg unintentionally; she also had had pain in the wrists and hands, 3 days of burning and dryness of the eyes, and diffuse myalgias. She had not had night sweats, dry mouth, jaw claudication, vision changes, urinary symptoms, or oral, nasal, or genital ulcers.

The patient’s medical history was notable for multiple myeloma (for which treatment with thalidomide and melphalan had been initiated 2 years earlier and was stopped approximately 1 year before the current admission); hypothyroidism; chikungunya virus infection (diagnosed 7 years earlier); seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis affecting the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders (diagnosed 3 years earlier); vitiligo; and osteoarthritis of the right hip, for which she had undergone arthroplasty. Evidence of gastritis was reportedly seen on endoscopy that had been performed 6 months earlier. Medications included daily treatment with levothyroxine and acetaminophen and pipazethate hydrochloride as needed for cough. The patient consumed chamomile and horsetail herbal teas. She had no known allergies to medications, but she had been advised not to take nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs after her diagnosis of multiple myeloma.

Approximately 5 months before the current admission, the patient had emigrated from Central America. She lived with her daughter and grandchildren in an urban area of New England. She had previously worked in health care. She had no history of alcohol, tobacco, or other substance use. There was no family history of cancer or autoimmune, renal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, or cardiac disease.

On examination, the temporal temperature was 37.1°C, the heart rate 106 beats per minute, the blood pressure 152/67 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation 100% while the patient was breathing ambient air. She had a frail appearance and bitemporal cachexia. The weight was 41 kg and the body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) 15.2. Her dentition was poor; most of the teeth were missing, caries were present in the remaining teeth, and the mucous membranes were dry. She had abdominal tenderness on the right side and mild abdominal distention, without organomegaly or guarding. Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy was palpable. Infrequent inspiratory wheezing was noted.

The patient had swan-neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, ulnar deviation, and distal hyperextensibility of the thumbs (Fig. 1). Subcutaneous nodules were observed on the proximal interphalangeal joints of the second and third fingers of the right hand and on the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fourth finger of the left hand. Synovial thickening of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the second fingers was noted. There was mild swelling and tenderness of the wrists. She had pain with flexion of the shoulders and right hip, and there was subtle swelling of the shoulders and right knee. Pitting edema (3+) and vitiligo were noted on the legs. No sclerodactyly, digital pitting, telangiectasias, appreciable calcinosis, nodules, nail changes (including pitting), or tophi were present. The remainder of the examination was normal.

Figure 1

Photograph of the Hands.

The blood levels of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, globulin, lactate, lipase, magnesium, and phosphorus were normal, as were the prothrombin time and international normalized ratio; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. Urinalysis showed 3+ protein and 3+ blood, and microscopic examination of the sediment revealed 5 to 10 red cells per high-power field and granular casts. Urine and blood were obtained for culture. An electrocardiogram met (at a borderline level) the voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy.

Table 1

Laboratory Data.

Dr. Rene Balza Romero: Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, performed after the intravenous administration of contrast material, revealed scattered subcentimeter pulmonary nodules (including clusters in the right middle lobe and patchy and ground-glass opacities in the left upper lobe), trace pleural effusion in the left lung, coronary and valvular calcifications, and trace pericardial effusion, ascites, and anasarca. The scans also showed slight enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes (up to 11 mm in the short axis) bilaterally and a chronic-appearing compression fracture involving the T12 vertebral body.

Dr. Parsons: Morphine and lactated Ringer’s solution were administered intravenously. On the second day in the emergency department (also referred to as hospital day 2), the blood levels of haptoglobin, folate, and vitamin B₁₂ were normal; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. A rapid antigen test for malaria was positive. Wright–Giemsa staining of thick and thin peripheral-blood smears was negative for parasites; the smears also showed Döhle bodies and basophilic stippling. Antigliadin antibodies and anti–tissue transglutaminase antibodies were not detected. Tests for hepatitis A IgG and hepatitis C antibodies were positive. Tests for hepatitis B core and surface antibodies were negative. A test for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) was negative.

Findings on abdominal ultrasound imaging performed on the second day (Fig. 2A and 2B) were notable for a small volume of ascites and kidneys with echogenic parenchyma. Ultrasonography of the legs showed no deep venous thrombosis. An echocardiogram showed normal ventricular size and function, aortic sclerosis with mild aortic insufficiency, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, a right ventricular systolic pressure of 39 mm Hg, and a small circumferential pericardial effusion. Intravenous hydromorphone was administered, and the patient was admitted to the hospital.

Figure 2

Imaging Studies of the Abdomen and Hands.

On the third day (also referred to as hospital day 3), nucleic acid testing for cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus was negative, and a stool antigen test for Helicobacter pylori was negative. An interferon-γ release assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was also negative. Oral acetaminophen and ivermectin and intravenous hydromorphone and furosemide were administered.

Dr. Balza Romero: Radiographs of the hands (Fig. 2C through 2F) showed joint-space narrowing of both radiocarpal joints and proximal interphalangeal erosions involving both hands. Radiographs of the shoulders showed arthritis of the glenohumeral joint and alignment suggestive of a tear of the right rotator cuff. A radiograph of the pelvis showed diffuse joint-space narrowing of the left hip, without osteophytosis, and an intact right hip prosthesis.

Dr. Parsons: Diagnostic tests were performed, and management decisions were made.

Differential Diagnosis

Dr. Beth L. Jonas: This patient is a 75-year-old woman who recently emigrated from Central America. She presented to this hospital with a multisystem disease involving the respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, and musculoskeletal systems. Her medical history is notable for seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma, which had been treated with melphalan and thalidomide. Relevant clinical features on presentation include unintended weight loss and cachexia, axillary lymphadenopathy, serositis, cytopenia in two cell lines, hypocomplementemia, and elevated serum free kappa and lambda light-chain levels (with a normal free light-chain ratio) with no monoclonal spike. The white-cell count was elevated, but she had no eosinophilia. CT images of the chest showed scattered subcentimeter pulmonary nodules. With respect to the patient’s anemia, no schistocytes were present, the haptoglobin level was normal, and the iron studies were unremarkable. These findings, in combination with the elevated ferritin level, indicate anemia of chronic inflammation. The renal findings are most salient in the context of the patient’s hypertension, anasarca, elevated cystatin C level, active urinary sediment with proteinuria in the nephrotic range, and small, echogenic kidneys on ultrasonography.

In constructing a differential diagnosis, I will consider medication use, cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmune disease. Medications can be eliminated as the cause of this patient’s illness, since she was taking only levothyroxine, acetaminophen, and the antitussive agent pipazethate.

Cancer

The patient has a history of multiple myeloma, which may manifest with a multisystem disease involving the kidneys, but serum protein electrophoresis showed no monoclonal protein. Given the presence of nephrotic syndrome in the context of multiple myeloma, systemic immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis would be highest on the differential diagnosis with respect to cancer; however, the patient’s normal light-chain ratio makes this diagnosis unlikely. The development of myeloid neoplasms, such as acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative neoplasms, is important to consider in the context of previous treatment with alkylating agents,¹ which this patient had received. However, the peripheral-blood smear showed no findings that would indicate a hematologic cancer, and such a diagnosis would not explain the patient’s acute kidney injury with nephrotic-range proteinuria.

Infectious Disease

Several features of this patient’s case warrant special consideration, including her history of immunosuppression due to rheumatoid arthritis and to previously treated myeloma, along with the fact that she had emigrated from Central America, where certain infections may be prevalent. Infection with hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV-1 and HIV-2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, H. pylori, and M. tuberculosis can be ruled out on the basis of laboratory studies. A rapid antigen test for plasmodium species was reported to be positive, but this assay has a known cross-reactivity with rheumatoid factor.² Moreover, the thick and thin peripheral-blood smears were negative. Thus, malaria would be an unlikely diagnosis.

The patient has a history of infection with chikungunya virus, an arbovirus transmitted by a mosquito vector that has been responsible for large epidemics in the Americas since 2013.³ Acute symptoms include fever, rash, arthralgia, and myalgia. The development of a chronic arthritis that may meet the classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis, as defined by the American College of Rheumatology and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology, has been reported in up to 60% of patients infected with chikungunya virus.^4,5 In the context of this discussion, I considered whether chikungunya virus infection could be the cause of this patient’s symptoms, since this infection occurred before the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the degree of erosion and loss of joint space that was visible on radiographs would be most unusual for arthritis associated with chikungunya virus infection and would not explain the renal manifestations.

Strongyloidiasis is a helminth infection (caused by Strongyloides stercoralis) that is widespread in developing countries. Infection usually occurs through contact with soil, and most affected persons are asymptomatic. However, in immunosuppressed persons, strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome or a disseminated infection can develop as a consequence of accelerated autoinfection.⁶ The clinical presentation of strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome can include gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, constipation, nausea, or vomiting), respiratory symptoms (cough, dyspnea, or wheezing), and rash due to migration of larvae through the subcutaneous tissues. Of note, only a minority of patients present with eosinophilia. Several case reports describe the development of nephrotic-range proteinuria, thrombotic microangiopathy, and IgA vasculitis in patients with strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome.^7-9 However, strongyloidiasis would not explain this patient’s cytopenias and hypocomplementemia.

Autoimmune Disease

The patient has a 3-year history of rheumatoid arthritis, although her clinical features of swan-neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, and joint instability suggest a longer duration of disease. We do not know whether she had received previous treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or biologic agents, but the possible use of such treatments may be a consideration with respect to her progression of disease and overall degree of immunosuppression. The blood levels of rheumatoid factor and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies were elevated, and radiographs of the hands showed erosive disease, although there was a relative paucity of metacarpophalangeal findings. A review of systems was negative for dry mouth, but her physical examination showed poor dentition and dry mouth — findings that make secondary Sjögren’s syndrome a consideration.

Renal disease can occur in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. The two most typical presentations are tubulointerstitial nephritis and, less commonly, nephritic syndrome (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis related to cryoglobulinemia). Tubulointerstitial nephritis may manifest with renal disease of varying severity, usually with a bland urinary sediment and often with abnormalities of tubular function such as distal renal tubular acidosis. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis caused by cryoglobulinemia is the most common glomerular disease associated with Sjögren’s syndrome. Although nephrotic-range proteinuria can occur with Sjögren’s syndrome, it is relatively uncommon.¹⁰ Renal disease is uncommon in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and is usually related to coexisting cardiovascular conditions. Medications used in the treatment of autoimmune disease — mainly nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs — may be associated with renal disease, but I would not expect the presence of an active urinary sediment, as was seen in this patient.

Amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, a condition that is rare in the era of aggressive management of rheumatoid arthritis, has been described in patients with severe, long-standing seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a protein that is produced in the liver in response to chronic inflammation associated with interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the context of chronic infections, autoimmune disease (classically rheumatoid arthritis), autoinflammatory disease, and cancers including renal cell carcinoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.¹¹ Signs and symptoms of AA amyloidosis are related to the deposition of the protein in organs, and patients often present with multisystem signs and symptoms. The kidney is the organ that is most often affected, but deposition can occur in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and lungs. Proteinuria is the first clinical manifestation in almost 95% of patients with AA amyloidosis, and 50% of affected patients present with nephrotic syndrome.¹² The urinary sediment is generally bland, and complement levels in the blood are normal. AA amyloidosis remains on the differential diagnosis in this patient, but it would not completely explain her renal disease.

Hypocomplementemia

The key to this case is understanding the cause of this patient’s hypocomplementemia. Hypocomplementemia can be due to decreased complement production in the context of liver disease, congenital complement deficiency, or increased complement consumption resulting from activation of the innate immune system. This patient has no history of chronic liver disease and her laboratory test results indicated good hepatic synthetic function. Classical complement deficiency (including C4 deficiency) that begins early in life is associated with autoimmune disease, and early C3 deficiency is characterized by severe pyogenic infections. It would be unusual for a patient of this age to be deficient in both C3 and C4 without earlier clinical consequences. I therefore concluded that the hypocomplementemia in this case was related to complement consumption.

Rheumatic diseases that may be associated with prominent renal manifestations include antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis, systemic sclerosis with renal crisis, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, antiglomerular basement membrane disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Of those conditions, SLE would be the most likely to be manifested by an active urinary sediment and nephrotic-range proteinuria with consumption of both C3 and C4 in the context of fever, thrombocytopenia, and serositis. This patient’s fever, thrombocytopenia, and serositis also fit with this diagnosis.¹³

Because the patient has long-standing seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis, a diagnosis of AA amyloidosis is strongly suspected. Moreover, given the presence of thrombocytopenia, hypocomplementemia, and an active urinary sediment, I would recommend a kidney biopsy to evaluate for lupus nephritis and AA amyloidosis.

Dr. Beth L. Jonas’s Diagnosis

Overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus with amyloid A amyloidosis.

Pathological Discussion

Dr. Claire Trivin-Avillach: Testing for autoimmune antibodies was performed. A test for antinuclear antibodies was positive at a titer of 1:5120 with a homogeneous pattern, and a test for anti–double-stranded DNA antibodies was positive at a titer of 1:2560.

The diagnostic procedure in this case was a core-needle biopsy of the kidney. Examination of the specimen with light microscopy revealed 20 glomeruli, 45% of which were globally sclerosed, along with fibrosis involving approximately 60% of the interstitium and tubular atrophy. Diffusely enlarged glomeruli with thickened capillary walls and an expanded mesangium were weakly positive on periodic acid–Schiff staining; the glomeruli stained pale blue on Masson’s trichrome staining. Congo red staining revealed metachromatic salmon-colored deposition involving the glomeruli, the blood-vessel walls, and the interstitium, which was associated with apple-green birefringence when viewed under polarized light (Fig. 3A). In addition, mesangial and endocapillary hypercellularity was identified in approximately 30% of the nonsclerosed glomeruli and was associated with karyorrhexis (Fig. 3B). One cellular crescent was also detected. These features are characteristic of active proliferative glomerulonephritis.

Figure 3

Biopsy Specimen of the Kidney.

Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed prominent granular staining for IgG (4+), IgM (4+), C3 (3+), C1q (3+), IgA (1+), kappa (3+), and lambda (3+) along the glomerular basement membranes and within the mesangium, as well as focal granular deposits of IgG and C3 along the tubular basement membrane (Fig. 3C and 3D). Additional immunofluorescence studies showed strong positivity (4+) for SAA within the glomeruli, the blood-vessel walls, and the interstitium (Fig. 3E), whereas staining for beta₂-microglobulin, transthyretin, and apolipoprotein A1 was faint.

Electron microscopy revealed the presence of subendothelial and mesangial electron-dense deposits (with no substructure identified) adjacent to randomly arranged fibrils (measuring 8.2 to 10.6 nm in diameter) within the glomerular basement membranes and the mesangium (Fig. 3F). Glomerular endothelial cells appeared reactive and contained tubuloreticular inclusions, features that were suggestive of interferon-mediated activation.

The findings on Congo red staining were characteristic of amyloidosis with typical birefringent material. The strong positivity of SAA within the deposits as compared with the faint staining of other reactants identified the type of amyloid as SAA, which is consistent with the patient’s history of rheumatoid arthritis. The biopsy also showed an immune complex–mediated proliferative glomerulonephritis with a “full house” pattern (defined as positivity for the three immunoglobulin classes IgG, IgM, and IgA and the two complement components C3 and C1q, in reference to the “full house” hand in a poker game). Immune complex–mediated proliferative glomerulonephritis has been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were receiving anti–TNF-α therapy,¹⁴ which was not the case in this patient. The positive test for hepatitis C antibodies prompted consideration of hepatitis C–related membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. However, taken together, the negative nucleic acid test for hepatitis C virus, the full house pattern on immunofluorescence, the tubular basement membrane deposits, and the positive test for anti–double-stranded DNA antibodies favor a diagnosis of lupus nephritis of at least class III (defined as focal proliferative glomerulonephritis), according to the criteria of the International Society of Nephrology and the Renal Pathology Society, superimposed on AA amyloidosis.

Pathological Diagnosis

Proliferative lupus nephritis of International Society of Nephrology and Renal Pathology Society class III, superimposed on amyloid A amyloidosis.

Discussion of Management

Dr. Pui W. Cheung: On the basis of the finding of echogenic kidneys on ultrasonography and the findings of extensive interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy on kidney biopsy, we know that this patient has advanced chronic kidney disease that is unlikely to be reversible. The patient is also noted to have a markedly lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) than that predicted by the blood creatinine level owing to the presence of cachexia, and this is substantiated by the cystatin C–based GFR and a 24-hour creatinine clearance of 22 ml per minute per 1.73 m² of body-surface area. The typical induction therapy for stage III or IV lupus nephritis consists of high-dose glucocorticoids and either mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide. Other reasonable alternatives for initial therapy include mycophenolate mofetil in combination with either a calcineurin inhibitor or belimumab, or cyclophosphamide in combination with belimumab.¹⁵ Hydroxychloroquine is also recommended as part of the therapy, since it has shown benefits in improving the response to treatment and reducing disease flare.¹⁶ Mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide have similar efficacy with respect to clinical response, which includes a reduction in proteinuria and either an improvement in renal function or stabilization of renal function; the risks of infections and adverse events associated with these medications are also similar.^17,18

Given the severity of the lupus nephritis with overlying AA amyloidosis from active rheumatoid arthritis, the treatment options proposed were high-dose glucocorticoids and rituximab with either mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide.¹⁹ After discussions with multidisciplinary consultants from rheumatology, infectious diseases, and nephrology, lingering concerns were raised about infection and patient frailty; ultimately, the decision was made to initiate high-dose glucocorticoid therapy in combination with mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, and hydroxychloroquine.

The patient’s mycophenolate mofetil dose regimen was inconsistent owing to gastrointestinal side effects, and the treatment was eventually withheld because of pancytopenia and fever. Unfortunately, her kidney function worsened, and renal replacement therapy was initiated within 3 weeks after the start of the induction therapy. The cause of her renal failure was thought to be disease progression, compounded by hemodynamically mediated tubular injury in the context of infection. While the administration of mycophenolate mofetil was stopped, treatment with rituximab was continued, with slow tapering of the glucocorticoid dose at the direction of the rheumatologist. She remained dependent on dialysis and was deemed to have end-stage kidney disease after 3 months of dialysis.

Dr. Lisa G. Criscione-Schreiber: The patient has SLE with nephritis, seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic AA amyloidosis. AA amyloidosis is rare owing to the availability of effective therapies for rheumatoid arthritis and is managed through aggressive treatment of inflammation due to rheumatoid arthritis. Reports addressing the management of rheumatoid arthritis–induced AA amyloidosis generally cite stability of end-organ damage caused by AA amyloid as evidence of effective management of the condition (through treatment of the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis). Methotrexate, the cornerstone of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, is contraindicated in this case owing to the presence of kidney disease. The alkylating agent cyclophosphamide has been reported to be effective for the treatment of AA amyloidosis from rheumatoid arthritis²⁰ and has known efficacy in patients with lupus nephritis, both of which make it a viable treatment option. Rituximab has also been reported to be effective for managing rheumatoid arthritis–induced AA amyloidosis,²¹ is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and is used for manifestations of SLE, including thrombocytopenia and nephritis. Although anti–TNF-α agents, abatacept, and Janus kinase inhibitors are reported to be effective for the treatment of AA amyloidosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis,²² recent publications have coalesced on the ability of anti–interleukin-6 therapy to block interleukin-6–induced hepatic production of SAA.^23-25

The overlap of seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis and SLE (sometimes termed “rhupus”) usually resembles rheumatoid arthritis more than SLE; manifestations include thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, an elevated blood level of C-reactive protein, and the presence of marginal erosions on radiographs.²⁶ In contrast, SLE without seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis characteristically manifests with thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate but usually not an elevated C-reactive protein level; in addition, nonerosive inflammatory arthritis with reversible deformities is commonly observed. This patient had a mixed laboratory profile, on the basis of the results of antinuclear antibody and anti–double-stranded DNA antibody tests. The challenge of treating an overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and SLE is choosing disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs that are effective and safe in both conditions. This patient’s most severe disease manifestation is lupus nephritis; therefore, the treatment regimen must target nephritis along with the AA amyloidosis and inflammatory arthritis.

As noted earlier, current induction therapy for lupus nephritis includes either mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide. Mycophenolate mofetil may provide inadequate treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis and amyloidosis, whereas cyclophosphamide would treat the lupus nephritis, has possible efficacy for treatment of the AA amyloidosis, and would treat the rheumatoid arthritis. Rituximab could be added to cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil to treat the rheumatoid arthritis and resultant AA amyloidosis and could also possibly help treat the lupus nephritis. The addition of anti–interleukin-6 therapy to mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide is an intriguing option that may effectively treat the rheumatoid arthritis and subsequent AA amyloidosis. The addition of belimumab to mycophenolate mofetil or cyclophosphamide has been reported to improve renal response in patients with lupus nephritis,²⁷ as has the addition of voclosporin to mycophenolate mofetil.²⁸ However, belimumab is ineffective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and voclosporin has not been studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or in those with a GFR of 45 milliliters per minute or less. The high-dose glucocorticoids that are used in induction therapy for lupus nephritis will effectively manage this patient’s inflammatory arthritis and probably also the subsequent AA amyloidosis. Finally, it is important that every patient with lupus nephritis receive hydroxychloroquine, which improves the treatment response to induction therapy.²⁹

Follow-up

Dr. Parsons: The patient’s hospital course was further complicated by suspected immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, for which she received intravenous immune globulin. Her pancytopenia and arthritis ultimately abated. Unfortunately, she did not have renal recovery and continues to receive hemodialysis. After a prolonged hospital course, she was discharged home.

Final Diagnosis

Overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by proliferative lupus nephritis, superimposed on amyloid A amyloidosis.