腰椎间盘突出症的鉴别诊断3—髋关节病变
腰椎间盘突出症的病人有时会表现为腹股沟、大腿前方、甚至膝关节的疼痛,这与髋关节病变(股骨头缺血性坏死、滑膜炎、骨关节炎)的症状极为相似,有时两者会同时合并存在,更为临床工作带来复杂性。
以股骨头缺血性坏死为例。80%~90%股骨头缺血性坏死发生在男性,好发年龄为30~60岁,其中以40~50岁为高峰,42%~72%为双侧发病。
与股骨头缺血性坏死相关的病因很多,据统计不少于54种,最常见者如下表所示。全身骨缺血性坏死最好发的部位是股骨头,所有相关疾病的共同特点是损害了股骨头的血运,造成缺血性坏死。
该症病人为髋关节疼痛,呈间歇性或持续性,有时为休息痛,疼痛多为针刺样、钝痛或酸痛不适等,常向腹股沟区、或臀下后侧或外侧、或膝内侧放射,行走活动后加重,并有该区麻木感。早期为间歇性跛行,晚期由于髋痛、股骨头塌陷、或出现髋关节半脱位,跛行更明显,为进行性短缩跛行,需持拐行走。查体可见肌肉萎缩,肢体缩短。在腹股沟韧带中点下方常有深压痛,内收肌止点压痛。在患肢足跟部或大粗隆部叩击时,髋部疼痛。屈伸活动不灵活,早期出现的症状为外展、外旋受限明显,晚期外展、外旋或内旋功能受限。4字试验及 Thomas 征均阳性;半脱位时,Trendelenburg 征阳性。
X线片、CT能发现时,股骨头缺血性坏死已进人II期。早期股骨头相对密度增高,软骨下区可出现“新月征”,新月区可由股骨头的1/3扩大到3/3,随之股骨头塌陷,进一步发展,髋关节间隙变窄,髋臼关节面破坏,出现骨关节炎。MRI是早期诊断股骨头缺血性坏死的一种无创技术,可识别I期股骨头坏死。因此在临床上需要与腰椎间盘突出症作鉴别诊断时,建议同时行腰椎和髋关节的核磁共振检查。如果腰椎和髋关节都需要手术治疗时,应优先处理腰椎手术。
股骨头缺血性坏死一经确诊,可按照患者年龄和疾病分期采取不同的治疗方案,如股骨头髓芯减压术、或配合自体或异体骨移植术、人工全髋关节置换术等。
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