睾丸的疾病需要去泌尿外科就诊治疗,常见的睾丸疾病主要有睾丸鞘膜积液,急性睾丸炎,睾丸扭转,睾丸外伤以及睾丸肿瘤等,不同的疾病临床表现并不相同,一般需要结合患者的症状,病史,以及一些辅助检查的方法来帮助确诊疾病,临床上常用的辅助检查包括 B 超检查,CT 检查,睾丸穿刺活检等等。
病因诊断明确以后可以针对不同病因,选择正确的治疗方法来进行有效的治疗。临床上针对于睾丸炎症,常用抗生素来进行治疗,炎症控制症状可以得到有效的改善。对于睾丸鞘膜积液,如果严重的话可以通过睾丸鞘膜翻转术进行治疗,睾丸肿瘤的治疗一般需要行手术治疗或者是联合放化疗。
以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。
Presentation of Case
Differential Diagnosis
Movement Disorders
Seizures
Functional Movement Disorder
Dyskinesia
Limb-Shaking TIAs
Clinical Impression and Initial Management
Clinical Diagnosis
Dr. Albert Y. Hung’s Diagnosis
Pathological Discussion
Pathological Diagnosis
Additional Management
Final Diagnosis
以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。
Presentation of Case
Dr. Christine M. Parsons (Medicine): A 75-year-old woman was evaluated at this hospital because of arthritis, abdominal pain, edema, malaise, and fever.
Three weeks before the current admission, the patient noticed waxing and waning “throbbing” pain in the right upper abdomen, which she rated at 9 (on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 indicating the most severe pain) at its maximal intensity. The pain was associated with nausea and fever with a temperature of up to 39.0°C. Pain worsened after food consumption and was relieved with acetaminophen. During the 3 weeks before the current admission, edema developed in both legs; it had started at the ankles and gradually progressed upward to the hips. When the edema began to affect her ambulation, she presented to the emergency department of this hospital.
A review of systems that was obtained from the patient and her family was notable for intermittent fever, abdominal bloating, anorexia, and fatigue that had progressed during the previous 3 weeks. The patient reported new orthopnea and nonproductive cough. Approximately 4 weeks earlier, she had had diarrhea for several days. During the 6 weeks before the current admission, the patient had lost 9 kg unintentionally; she also had had pain in the wrists and hands, 3 days of burning and dryness of the eyes, and diffuse myalgias. She had not had night sweats, dry mouth, jaw claudication, vision changes, urinary symptoms, or oral, nasal, or genital ulcers.
The patient’s medical history was notable for multiple myeloma (for which treatment with thalidomide and melphalan had been initiated 2 years earlier and was stopped approximately 1 year before the current admission); hypothyroidism; chikungunya virus infection (diagnosed 7 years earlier); seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis affecting the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders (diagnosed 3 years earlier); vitiligo; and osteoarthritis of the right hip, for which she had undergone arthroplasty. Evidence of gastritis was reportedly seen on endoscopy that had been performed 6 months earlier. Medications included daily treatment with levothyroxine and acetaminophen and pipazethate hydrochloride as needed for cough. The patient consumed chamomile and horsetail herbal teas. She had no known allergies to medications, but she had been advised not to take nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs after her diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Approximately 5 months before the current admission, the patient had emigrated from Central America. She lived with her daughter and grandchildren in an urban area of New England. She had previously worked in health care. She had no history of alcohol, tobacco, or other substance use. There was no family history of cancer or autoimmune, renal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, or cardiac disease.
On examination, the temporal temperature was 37.1°C, the heart rate 106 beats per minute, the blood pressure 152/67 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation 100% while the patient was breathing ambient air. She had a frail appearance and bitemporal cachexia. The weight was 41 kg and the body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) 15.2. Her dentition was poor; most of the teeth were missing, caries were present in the remaining teeth, and the mucous membranes were dry. She had abdominal tenderness on the right side and mild abdominal distention, without organomegaly or guarding. Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy was palpable. Infrequent inspiratory wheezing was noted.
The patient had swan-neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, ulnar deviation, and distal hyperextensibility of the thumbs (Fig. 1). Subcutaneous nodules were observed on the proximal interphalangeal joints of the second and third fingers of the right hand and on the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fourth finger of the left hand. Synovial thickening of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the second fingers was noted. There was mild swelling and tenderness of the wrists. She had pain with flexion of the shoulders and right hip, and there was subtle swelling of the shoulders and right knee. Pitting edema (3+) and vitiligo were noted on the legs. No sclerodactyly, digital pitting, telangiectasias, appreciable calcinosis, nodules, nail changes (including pitting), or tophi were present. The remainder of the examination was normal.
The blood levels of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, globulin, lactate, lipase, magnesium, and phosphorus were normal, as were the prothrombin time and international normalized ratio; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. Urinalysis showed 3+ protein and 3+ blood, and microscopic examination of the sediment revealed 5 to 10 red cells per high-power field and granular casts. Urine and blood were obtained for culture. An electrocardiogram met (at a borderline level) the voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy.
Dr. Rene Balza Romero: Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, performed after the intravenous administration of contrast material, revealed scattered subcentimeter pulmonary nodules (including clusters in the right middle lobe and patchy and ground-glass opacities in the left upper lobe), trace pleural effusion in the left lung, coronary and valvular calcifications, and trace pericardial effusion, ascites, and anasarca. The scans also showed slight enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes (up to 11 mm in the short axis) bilaterally and a chronic-appearing compression fracture involving the T12 vertebral body.
Dr. Parsons: Morphine and lactated Ringer’s solution were administered intravenously. On the second day in the emergency department (also referred to as hospital day 2), the blood levels of haptoglobin, folate, and vitamin B12 were normal; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. A rapid antigen test for malaria was positive. Wright–Giemsa staining of thick and thin peripheral-blood smears was negative for parasites; the smears also showed Döhle bodies and basophilic stippling. Antigliadin antibodies and anti–tissue transglutaminase antibodies were not detected. Tests for hepatitis A IgG and hepatitis C antibodies were positive. Tests for hepatitis B core and surface antibodies were negative. A test for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) was negative.
Findings on abdominal ultrasound imaging performed on the second day (Fig. 2A and 2B) were notable for a small volume of ascites and kidneys with echogenic parenchyma. Ultrasonography of the legs showed no deep venous thrombosis. An echocardiogram showed normal ventricular size and function, aortic sclerosis with mild aortic insufficiency, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, a right ventricular systolic pressure of 39 mm Hg, and a small circumferential pericardial effusion. Intravenous hydromorphone was administered, and the patient was admitted to the hospital.
On the third day (also referred to as hospital day 3), nucleic acid testing for cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus was negative, and a stool antigen test for Helicobacter pylori was negative. An interferon-γ release assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was also negative. Oral acetaminophen and ivermectin and intravenous hydromorphone and furosemide were administered.
Dr. Balza Romero: Radiographs of the hands (Fig. 2C through 2F) showed joint-space narrowing of both radiocarpal joints and proximal interphalangeal erosions involving both hands. Radiographs of the shoulders showed arthritis of the glenohumeral joint and alignment suggestive of a tear of the right rotator cuff. A radiograph of the pelvis showed diffuse joint-space narrowing of the left hip, without osteophytosis, and an intact right hip prosthesis.
Dr. Parsons: Diagnostic tests were performed, and management decisions were made.
Differential Diagnosis
Cancer
Infectious Disease
Autoimmune Disease
Hypocomplementemia
Dr. Beth L. Jonas’s Diagnosis
Pathological Discussion
Pathological Diagnosis
Discussion of Management
Follow-up
Final Diagnosis
Overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by proliferative lupus nephritis, superimposed on amyloid A amyloidosis.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) versus chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in the global TROPiCS-02 study. TROPiCS-02 enrolled few Asian patients. Here we report results of SG in Asian patients with HR+HER2- mBC from the EVER-132-002 study. Patients were randomized to SG (n = 166) or chemotherapy (n = 165). The primary endpoint was met: PFS was improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.87; P = 0.0028; median 4.3 versus 4.2 months). OS also improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.88; P = 0.0061; median 21.0 versus 15.3 months). The most common grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia, leukopenia and anemia. SG demonstrated significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PFS and OS versus chemotherapy, with a manageable safety profile consistent with prior studies. SG represents a promising treatment option for Asian patients with HR+HER2- mBC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier no. NCT04639986 ).
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by abdominal discomfort and occasional diarrhea. The pathogenesis of IBS-D is thought to be related to a combination of factors, including psychological stress, abnormal muscle contractions, and inflammation and disorder of the gut microbiome. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis of the logical regulatory correlation among these factors. In this study, we found that stress induced hyperproduction of xanthine and altered the abundance and metabolic characteristics of Lactobacillus murinus in the gut. Lactobacillus murinus-derived spermidine suppressed the basal expression of type I interferon (IFN)-α in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by inhibiting the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3. The reduction in IFN-α unrestricted the contractile function of colonic smooth muscle cells, resulting in an increase in bowel movement. Our findings provided a theoretical basis for the pathological mechanism of, and new drug targets for, stress-exposed IBS-D.
Keywords: AdorA2B; Lactobacillus murinus; irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea; spermidine; stress; type I interferon; xanthine.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
The severe bronchiolitis endotype characterized by a high abundance of H. influenzae, high proportion of RV-A and RV-C infections, and high asthma genetic risk had a significantly higher risk for developing asthma.
Background: Infants with bronchiolitis are at increased risk for developing asthma. Growing evidence suggests bronchiolitis is a heterogeneous condition. However, little is known about its biologically distinct subgroups based on the integrated metagenome and asthma genetic risk signature and their longitudinal relationships with asthma development.
Methods: In a multi-center prospective cohort study of infants with severe bronchiolitis (i.e., bronchiolitis requiring hospitalization), we profiled nasopharyngeal airway metagenome and virus at hospitalization, and calculated the polygenic risk score of asthma. Using similarity network fusion clustering approach, we identified integrated metagenome-asthma genetic risk endotypes. We also examined their longitudinal association with the risk of developing asthma by age six years.
Results: Of 450 infants with bronchiolitis (median age, 3 months), we identified five distinct endotypes-characterized by their nasopharyngeal metagenome, virus, and asthma genetic risk profiles. Compared with endotype A infants (who clinically resembled "classic" bronchiolitis), endotype E infants (characterized by a high abundance of H. influenzae, high proportion of RV-A and RV-C infections, and high asthma genetic risk) had a significantly higher risk for developing asthma (35.9% versus 16.7%; ORadj, 2.24; 95%CI, 1.02-4.97; p=0.046). The pathway analysis showed that endotype E had enriched microbial pathways (e.g., glycolysis, L-lysine, arginine metabolism) and host pathways (e.g., IFNs, IL-6/JAK/STAT3, fatty acids, MHC, and immunoglobin-related) (FDR<0.05). Additionally, endotype E had a significantly higher proportion of neutrophils (FDR<0.05).
Conclusion: In this multi-center prospective cohort study of infant bronchiolitis, the clustering analysis of integrated-omics data identified biologically distinct endotypes with differential risks for developing asthma.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Summary
Background
Methods
Findings
Interpretation
Funding
Keywords
泌乳素轻度偏高与多种因素相关。
从生理因素来看,日常活动就有影响,像剧烈运动、体力劳动后,泌乳素会出现轻度上升。睡眠也对其有作用,睡眠不足或睡眠质量差可能导致泌乳素轻度升高,而在入睡后的一段时间内,泌乳素分泌会自然增加。另外,处于妊娠期和哺乳期的女性,身体需要为泌乳做准备和进行哺乳活动,泌乳素会升高,这是正常的生理反应。
精神因素也不容忽视。长期处于紧张、焦虑、压力大的精神状态下,比如工作压力巨大的上班族或临近重大考试的学生,会引起神经调节功能紊乱,从而导致泌乳素分泌轻度异常。
再者是饮食因素。如果经常食用一些含激素类食物,特别是含有较高雌激素的食物,可能会刺激垂体分泌泌乳素。同时,过度饮酒、高蛋白高脂肪饮食也可能和泌乳素轻度偏高有一定关联。
某些药物也会造成泌乳素升高。常见的如抗精神病药物、抗抑郁药物、降压药等,这些药物在治疗疾病的同时,可能会对内分泌系统产生副作用,使泌乳素水平轻度上升。
最后是疾病因素。一些下丘脑疾病、垂体微腺瘤等会影响泌乳素的正常分泌,但在疾病初期,可能仅表现为泌乳素轻度偏高,还可能有甲状腺功能减退症,因为甲状腺激素分泌不足会反馈影响下丘脑 - 垂体轴,从而导致泌乳素升高。
男性泌乳素轻度偏高与多种因素有关。
在生理方面,首先是性生活因素。性生活不规律或过度手淫,可能引起短暂的泌乳素升高。此外,男性乳头受到刺激,比如摩擦、挤压或外伤等,会向大脑传递信号,使泌乳素分泌增加。年龄也是一个因素,随着男性年龄增长,身体机能变化,泌乳素水平可能出现一定程度的自然波动,有可能轻度偏高。
疾病因素也很关键。下丘脑 - 垂体疾病会对泌乳素的调控产生影响,垂体瘤是其中较为常见的原因。当垂体瘤存在时,可能压迫或刺激泌乳素细胞,使其分泌增加。另外,甲状腺功能减退症会引起甲状腺激素水平降低,通过下丘脑 - 垂体 - 甲状腺轴的反馈调节机制,促使下丘脑分泌更多的促甲状腺激素释放激素,而这种激素可能刺激垂体分泌泌乳素。慢性肾功能不全也会导致泌乳素升高,因为肾功能异常时,身体对泌乳素的代谢和排泄能力下降,使体内泌乳素水平上升。
药物的副作用也不容忽视。多巴胺受体拮抗剂,如抗精神病药物中的氯丙嗪、奋乃静等,通过阻断多巴胺受体,抑制多巴胺对泌乳素分泌的抑制作用,从而导致泌乳素升高。某些降压药,如利血平,会干扰多巴胺的储存和释放,也可能引起泌乳素轻度偏高。
最后,精神和生活习惯也会影响泌乳素水平。长期的精神紧张、焦虑、抑郁等精神状态,会干扰下丘脑的神经调节功能,引起泌乳素分泌异常。不良的生活习惯,如长期熬夜、过度饮酒、暴饮暴食等,可能通过影响身体的内分泌和代谢功能,间接导致泌乳素轻度偏高。
思恩腾瑞贝安医用妇科凝胶使用方法
1、清洗双手及外阴;
2、取下无菌盖套(上盖);
3、抠出密封盖(下盖);
4、将无菌套作为推杆使用;
5、轻缓放入阴道挤出敷料;
6、使用枕头垫高臀部,平躺15~30分钟。
展开更多