什么是抑郁症?和焦虑症有什么区别么?
一、焦虑和抑郁有什么区别?
焦虑症是以焦虑症状为主,过度担心是焦虑症的核心;抑郁症是一种以情绪显著而持久的低落为基本表现,并伴有相应的思维和行为异常的精神障碍,心情郁闷和兴趣减退是抑郁症的核心。焦虑症和抑郁症如果同时存在,既可以诊断为抑郁症,又可诊断为焦虑症。区别的关键是看这两种症状是否同时存在、同时消失。相关调查数据表明,约有33%~95%的抑郁症患者同时合并焦虑状态。在临床诊断中,有一个“抑郁症优先诊断”的原则,即既有抑郁症症状又有焦虑症状时,不论其焦虑症状多重,都应当诊断为抑郁症,该原则是目前国际上通用的标准。
从发病年龄上看,抑郁症可发于任何年龄的人群,而焦虑症多见于35岁以上的中青年,尤以老年人为居多。抑郁症患者对亲人、朋友表现的很冷淡,甚至毫无感情,对以往的爱好兴趣丧失,这是与焦虑症患者的显著区别。抑郁症患者的失眠以早醒为主要特征,而焦虑者的特点是入睡困难。抑郁症患者心情低落,不愿意与人接触,但不害怕突然发生的人际接触;而焦虑者害怕突然发生的社交接触等,害怕去公共场合,害怕乘坐交通工具等。总之,抑郁症是抑制向下的,而焦虑是惊恐向上的。
二、抑郁症的诊断标准
我们都知道,抑郁症是一种常见的精神疾病,主要表现为情绪低落,兴趣减低,悲观,思维迟缓,缺乏主动性,自责自罪,饮食、睡眠差,担心自己患有各种疾病,感到全身多处不适,严重者可出现自杀念头和行为。
1.以情绪低落为基本症状;
2.应有下列症状中的至少4项:1)对日常生活的兴趣下降或缺乏。2)精力明显减退,无明显原因的持续的疲乏感。3)精神运动型迟滞或激越。4)自我评价过低,或自责、或有内疚感,甚至出现罪恶妄想。5)思维困难,或自觉思考能力显著下降。6)反复出现死亡的念头,或有自杀行为7)失眠,或早醒,或睡眠过多。8)食欲不振,或体重明显减轻。9)性欲明显减退。
3.严重程度标准(至少有以下情况之一):1)社会功能受损。2)给本人造成痛苦或不良后果。
4.病程标准:症状至少持续2周。
5.排除标准:1)应排除由脑器质性疾病、躯体疾病和精神活性物质所导致的抑郁。2)抑郁症患者可出现幻觉、妄想等症状,但应注意与精神分裂症相鉴别。
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