冬去春来,万物复苏,人们喜气洋洋,去享受大自然里最美丽的风景,可隔壁退休的王老师却愁眉不展,原来,最近一段时间,王老师经常夜里小腿抽筋,疼痛难忍,半夜惊醒,夜不能寐,听人说,抽筋是缺钙,可王老师每天都喝牛奶,还是经常抽筋不断,王老师自我揶揄道,真是乍暖还寒时候,最难将息啊!
为抽筋「验明正身」
抽筋,医学上称为肌肉痉挛,是神经肌肉异常兴奋引起肌肉不自主、无征兆的过度收缩,发作时表现为肌肉明显压榨样收缩,疼痛难忍,可持续数秒或数十秒,后逐渐缓解,可残留局部痛感。主要包括以下几种类型:
夜间抽筋——包括在任何静态的情况下所发生的抽筋,如睡觉时或静坐时。最常见的就是老人、儿童的小腿肚和脚趾部位抽筋。
中暑抽筋——常见于运动员,与脱水和体内电解质的平衡失调有关。
疾病性抽筋——见于器质性疾病或者中风后遗症患者,多由于先天性疾病或神经损伤,如癫痫、破伤风、产后痉病、小儿高热惊厥等,肌肉失去支配,过度兴奋导致。
生活中最常见的抽筋包括运动抽筋和夜间抽筋,常见的抽筋危害不大,或者说不会导致二次伤害,只是会影响生活质量,但若在高空作业、游泳等期间抽筋,可就得当心了。
抽筋发生的「奥秘」
引起肌肉抽筋的机理比较复杂。钙作为神经兴奋和肌肉收缩之间的耦联因子,始终控制着肌肉收缩的起动和舒张的终止,扮演了重要角色。低血钙时神经肌肉的兴奋性增高,可引起肌肉痉挛,手足抽搐。
另外,正常人体腿部肌肉的收缩和舒张会挤压血管,将代谢产物带走。当人在休息或睡眠时,腿部血流减慢,代谢产物如乳酸等不能及时被血液带走分解,蓄积于腿部肌肉中,同时小腿肌肉为单支营养动脉型,宛如交通只有高速公路,没有国道和县道,一遇事故,必然堵塞,若小腿血管发生动脉粥样硬化、病变或堵塞,代谢废物更加容易聚集,就会刺激肌肉产生收缩,发生腿抽筋的现象。
老年人出现的抽筋,多是夜间抽筋。由于老年人钙质吸收能力减弱以及钙质流失,会出现骨质疏松,补钙是很必要的。但老人因血液循环不好引发的抽筋,光靠补钙是治不了的,必须治疗动脉粥样硬化、改善循环才会有效,比如消除引起血管管腔直径变小的因素,如脂肪沉积、细胞增生等,改善微循环,从而改善血流供应与运行。
抽筋的「幕后元凶」
1. 体弱疲劳:运动过度特别是无氧运动导致肌肉短时间内持续收缩,体内产生大量的代谢废物,夜间肌肉紧张的状态未得到改善,过多的酸性代谢产物堆积未能及时清理,可刺激小腿抽筋,老年体弱肌肉力量差机体代谢功能减退也是原因之一。
2. 寒冷刺激:寒冷是抽筋的最常见直接诱因,可直接刺激引起腿部肌肉强烈收缩和血管突然痉挛。
3. 低钙血症:在肌肉收缩过程中,钙离子起着重要作用。由于老年人钙质吸收能力减弱以及钙质流失明显,儿童及孕妇体内钙因机体消耗过多钙,当血液中钙离子浓度太低时,肌肉容易兴奋而痉挛。
4. 血管因素:往往是抽筋的内在原因,当动脉发生粥样硬化时或存在血栓时,血液循环受阻不畅,局部组织出现缺血缺氧,生理机能发生紊乱,会引起下肢发凉、麻木和间歇性跛行,即行走时发生小腿肌麻木、疼痛甚至痉挛,休息后消失,再走时又出现;严重者可有持续性疼痛,下肢动脉尤其是足背动脉搏动减弱或消失。而代谢产物不能被及时带走,达到一定浓度时,也会刺激肌肉收缩,引起疼痛抽筋。
5. 出汗过多:运动时间长,无氧运动量大,出汗多,体内液体和电解质大量丢失如低钙、低钾、低镁,大量代谢废物堆积,内环境紊乱,也容易发生痉挛。
6. 局部压迫:如长时间仰卧,使被子压在脚面,或长时间俯卧,使脚面抵在床铺上,迫使小腿某些肌肉长时间处于压迫状态,引起肌肉「被动挛缩」和血供不足。
一般抽筋危害小,及时处理多数能即刻缓解,反复发作时则需就医排除血管、神经的器质性病变,以免延误病情。当发生抽筋时,只要据「反其道而行之」,即朝其作用力相反的方向扳脚趾并坚持 l~2 分钟以上,即可收效。日常小腿后面的肌肉抽筋时,可坐位或靠墙,双手扳脚尖使脚趾上翘,接着尽量伸直膝关节,热敷或轻度按摩放松紧张的肌肉;游泳抽筋时先深吸一口气憋住,身体仰浮,用抽筋腿对侧的手抓住脚趾向身体方向拉,用另一手向下压膝盖,使腿后部伸展,缓解后上岸继续按摩休息。
预防抽筋有「法宝」
1. 驱寒保暖:尤其是在睡眠时,睡前热水烫脚,每日对小腿肌肉进行按摩,促进局部血液循环。
2. 适当锻炼:平时加强体育锻炼和运动,活动前注意热身,改善血供,增强肌肉收缩能力;
3. 适当补钙:多吃维生素 D、钙片、含钙丰富的食物如牛奶、虾皮、海带、豆腐;
4. 改善血供:改善动脉粥样硬化,消除引起血管管腔直径变小的因素,减轻体重,提倡饮食清淡,多食富含维生素 C(如新鲜蔬菜、瓜果)和植物蛋白(如豆类及其制品)的食物。在医生指导下服用抗血小板聚集药物、改善脂质代类的药物、改善动脉壁结构药物、维生素 E 等药物,同时需要积极防治可能加重腿部动脉粥样硬化的危险因素,如高血压、糖尿病等。
产后何时可以再次怀孕?
如果这次是顺产的话,理论上讲可以随时怀孕,但是一般建议孩子一岁以后再怀孕,一是为了让身体可以休息恢复,二来孩子一岁以后可以放下来让他/她走,不用整天抱在怀里了。
如果这次是剖宫产的话,一般建议最少 18 个月(一年半)以后再次怀孕,因为 18 个月以后再次怀孕,子宫下段伤口基本愈合可以恢复 80%以上的张力,尝试剖宫产后阴道分娩的话子宫破裂的风险明显下降。
1.产后何时可以恢复性生活:恶露完全干净了就可以恢复性生活了,但最好还是要使用安全套,因为在月经恢复之前还是有可能排卵意外怀孕的。
2.产后何时来月经:对于绝大多数母乳喂养的妈妈来讲,母乳喂养期间是不会来月经的,但是少数妈妈会在母乳喂养期间来月经。来月经了是否就不能母乳喂养了?还是可以继续母乳喂养,这不会影响母乳的质量。产后恶露干净以后又出现几天的阴道流血是否意味着来月经了?不一定,要等大约一个月左右看是否会再次出现类似月经的出血,如果又来了,那就是月经;如果没有来,那就是阴道出血,不是月经。
母乳喂养:检查乳房有没有包块,乳头有没有裂伤。鼓励宝妈坚持纯母乳喂养4~6个月,然后可以继续母乳喂养并逐步添加辅食。如果母乳喂养存在问题,可以进一步咨询母乳喂养顾问,如果有乳房不适,可以由乳腺科医生进一步处理,不是每个产科医生都能处理乳房不适和母乳喂养问题的,母乳喂养顾问和乳腺科医生更为专业。建议宝妈持续母乳喂养2年,促进宝宝身心健康发展。
以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。
Presentation of Case
Differential Diagnosis
Movement Disorders
Seizures
Functional Movement Disorder
Dyskinesia
Limb-Shaking TIAs
Clinical Impression and Initial Management
Clinical Diagnosis
Dr. Albert Y. Hung’s Diagnosis
Pathological Discussion
Pathological Diagnosis
Additional Management
Final Diagnosis
以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。
Presentation of Case
Dr. Christine M. Parsons (Medicine): A 75-year-old woman was evaluated at this hospital because of arthritis, abdominal pain, edema, malaise, and fever.
Three weeks before the current admission, the patient noticed waxing and waning “throbbing” pain in the right upper abdomen, which she rated at 9 (on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 indicating the most severe pain) at its maximal intensity. The pain was associated with nausea and fever with a temperature of up to 39.0°C. Pain worsened after food consumption and was relieved with acetaminophen. During the 3 weeks before the current admission, edema developed in both legs; it had started at the ankles and gradually progressed upward to the hips. When the edema began to affect her ambulation, she presented to the emergency department of this hospital.
A review of systems that was obtained from the patient and her family was notable for intermittent fever, abdominal bloating, anorexia, and fatigue that had progressed during the previous 3 weeks. The patient reported new orthopnea and nonproductive cough. Approximately 4 weeks earlier, she had had diarrhea for several days. During the 6 weeks before the current admission, the patient had lost 9 kg unintentionally; she also had had pain in the wrists and hands, 3 days of burning and dryness of the eyes, and diffuse myalgias. She had not had night sweats, dry mouth, jaw claudication, vision changes, urinary symptoms, or oral, nasal, or genital ulcers.
The patient’s medical history was notable for multiple myeloma (for which treatment with thalidomide and melphalan had been initiated 2 years earlier and was stopped approximately 1 year before the current admission); hypothyroidism; chikungunya virus infection (diagnosed 7 years earlier); seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis affecting the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders (diagnosed 3 years earlier); vitiligo; and osteoarthritis of the right hip, for which she had undergone arthroplasty. Evidence of gastritis was reportedly seen on endoscopy that had been performed 6 months earlier. Medications included daily treatment with levothyroxine and acetaminophen and pipazethate hydrochloride as needed for cough. The patient consumed chamomile and horsetail herbal teas. She had no known allergies to medications, but she had been advised not to take nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs after her diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Approximately 5 months before the current admission, the patient had emigrated from Central America. She lived with her daughter and grandchildren in an urban area of New England. She had previously worked in health care. She had no history of alcohol, tobacco, or other substance use. There was no family history of cancer or autoimmune, renal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, or cardiac disease.
On examination, the temporal temperature was 37.1°C, the heart rate 106 beats per minute, the blood pressure 152/67 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation 100% while the patient was breathing ambient air. She had a frail appearance and bitemporal cachexia. The weight was 41 kg and the body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) 15.2. Her dentition was poor; most of the teeth were missing, caries were present in the remaining teeth, and the mucous membranes were dry. She had abdominal tenderness on the right side and mild abdominal distention, without organomegaly or guarding. Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy was palpable. Infrequent inspiratory wheezing was noted.
The patient had swan-neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, ulnar deviation, and distal hyperextensibility of the thumbs (Fig. 1). Subcutaneous nodules were observed on the proximal interphalangeal joints of the second and third fingers of the right hand and on the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fourth finger of the left hand. Synovial thickening of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the second fingers was noted. There was mild swelling and tenderness of the wrists. She had pain with flexion of the shoulders and right hip, and there was subtle swelling of the shoulders and right knee. Pitting edema (3+) and vitiligo were noted on the legs. No sclerodactyly, digital pitting, telangiectasias, appreciable calcinosis, nodules, nail changes (including pitting), or tophi were present. The remainder of the examination was normal.
The blood levels of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, globulin, lactate, lipase, magnesium, and phosphorus were normal, as were the prothrombin time and international normalized ratio; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. Urinalysis showed 3+ protein and 3+ blood, and microscopic examination of the sediment revealed 5 to 10 red cells per high-power field and granular casts. Urine and blood were obtained for culture. An electrocardiogram met (at a borderline level) the voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy.
Dr. Rene Balza Romero: Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, performed after the intravenous administration of contrast material, revealed scattered subcentimeter pulmonary nodules (including clusters in the right middle lobe and patchy and ground-glass opacities in the left upper lobe), trace pleural effusion in the left lung, coronary and valvular calcifications, and trace pericardial effusion, ascites, and anasarca. The scans also showed slight enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes (up to 11 mm in the short axis) bilaterally and a chronic-appearing compression fracture involving the T12 vertebral body.
Dr. Parsons: Morphine and lactated Ringer’s solution were administered intravenously. On the second day in the emergency department (also referred to as hospital day 2), the blood levels of haptoglobin, folate, and vitamin B12 were normal; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. A rapid antigen test for malaria was positive. Wright–Giemsa staining of thick and thin peripheral-blood smears was negative for parasites; the smears also showed Döhle bodies and basophilic stippling. Antigliadin antibodies and anti–tissue transglutaminase antibodies were not detected. Tests for hepatitis A IgG and hepatitis C antibodies were positive. Tests for hepatitis B core and surface antibodies were negative. A test for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) was negative.
Findings on abdominal ultrasound imaging performed on the second day (Fig. 2A and 2B) were notable for a small volume of ascites and kidneys with echogenic parenchyma. Ultrasonography of the legs showed no deep venous thrombosis. An echocardiogram showed normal ventricular size and function, aortic sclerosis with mild aortic insufficiency, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, a right ventricular systolic pressure of 39 mm Hg, and a small circumferential pericardial effusion. Intravenous hydromorphone was administered, and the patient was admitted to the hospital.
On the third day (also referred to as hospital day 3), nucleic acid testing for cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus was negative, and a stool antigen test for Helicobacter pylori was negative. An interferon-γ release assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was also negative. Oral acetaminophen and ivermectin and intravenous hydromorphone and furosemide were administered.
Dr. Balza Romero: Radiographs of the hands (Fig. 2C through 2F) showed joint-space narrowing of both radiocarpal joints and proximal interphalangeal erosions involving both hands. Radiographs of the shoulders showed arthritis of the glenohumeral joint and alignment suggestive of a tear of the right rotator cuff. A radiograph of the pelvis showed diffuse joint-space narrowing of the left hip, without osteophytosis, and an intact right hip prosthesis.
Dr. Parsons: Diagnostic tests were performed, and management decisions were made.
Differential Diagnosis
Cancer
Infectious Disease
Autoimmune Disease
Hypocomplementemia
Dr. Beth L. Jonas’s Diagnosis
Pathological Discussion
Pathological Diagnosis
Discussion of Management
Follow-up
Final Diagnosis
Overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by proliferative lupus nephritis, superimposed on amyloid A amyloidosis.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) versus chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in the global TROPiCS-02 study. TROPiCS-02 enrolled few Asian patients. Here we report results of SG in Asian patients with HR+HER2- mBC from the EVER-132-002 study. Patients were randomized to SG (n = 166) or chemotherapy (n = 165). The primary endpoint was met: PFS was improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.87; P = 0.0028; median 4.3 versus 4.2 months). OS also improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.88; P = 0.0061; median 21.0 versus 15.3 months). The most common grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia, leukopenia and anemia. SG demonstrated significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PFS and OS versus chemotherapy, with a manageable safety profile consistent with prior studies. SG represents a promising treatment option for Asian patients with HR+HER2- mBC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier no. NCT04639986 ).
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by abdominal discomfort and occasional diarrhea. The pathogenesis of IBS-D is thought to be related to a combination of factors, including psychological stress, abnormal muscle contractions, and inflammation and disorder of the gut microbiome. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis of the logical regulatory correlation among these factors. In this study, we found that stress induced hyperproduction of xanthine and altered the abundance and metabolic characteristics of Lactobacillus murinus in the gut. Lactobacillus murinus-derived spermidine suppressed the basal expression of type I interferon (IFN)-α in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by inhibiting the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3. The reduction in IFN-α unrestricted the contractile function of colonic smooth muscle cells, resulting in an increase in bowel movement. Our findings provided a theoretical basis for the pathological mechanism of, and new drug targets for, stress-exposed IBS-D.
Keywords: AdorA2B; Lactobacillus murinus; irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea; spermidine; stress; type I interferon; xanthine.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
The severe bronchiolitis endotype characterized by a high abundance of H. influenzae, high proportion of RV-A and RV-C infections, and high asthma genetic risk had a significantly higher risk for developing asthma.
Background: Infants with bronchiolitis are at increased risk for developing asthma. Growing evidence suggests bronchiolitis is a heterogeneous condition. However, little is known about its biologically distinct subgroups based on the integrated metagenome and asthma genetic risk signature and their longitudinal relationships with asthma development.
Methods: In a multi-center prospective cohort study of infants with severe bronchiolitis (i.e., bronchiolitis requiring hospitalization), we profiled nasopharyngeal airway metagenome and virus at hospitalization, and calculated the polygenic risk score of asthma. Using similarity network fusion clustering approach, we identified integrated metagenome-asthma genetic risk endotypes. We also examined their longitudinal association with the risk of developing asthma by age six years.
Results: Of 450 infants with bronchiolitis (median age, 3 months), we identified five distinct endotypes-characterized by their nasopharyngeal metagenome, virus, and asthma genetic risk profiles. Compared with endotype A infants (who clinically resembled "classic" bronchiolitis), endotype E infants (characterized by a high abundance of H. influenzae, high proportion of RV-A and RV-C infections, and high asthma genetic risk) had a significantly higher risk for developing asthma (35.9% versus 16.7%; ORadj, 2.24; 95%CI, 1.02-4.97; p=0.046). The pathway analysis showed that endotype E had enriched microbial pathways (e.g., glycolysis, L-lysine, arginine metabolism) and host pathways (e.g., IFNs, IL-6/JAK/STAT3, fatty acids, MHC, and immunoglobin-related) (FDR<0.05). Additionally, endotype E had a significantly higher proportion of neutrophils (FDR<0.05).
Conclusion: In this multi-center prospective cohort study of infant bronchiolitis, the clustering analysis of integrated-omics data identified biologically distinct endotypes with differential risks for developing asthma.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Summary
Background
Methods
Findings
Interpretation
Funding
Keywords
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