生宝宝是一个辛苦而幸福的过程,分娩后也不是万事大吉,还需要密切观察产妇是否有异常情况,特别是分娩后2小时内,要密切观察阴道流血、子宫收缩、排尿等情况,那产后子宫收缩不好有哪些表现?
产后子宫收缩不好主要表现为阴道流血多,血性恶露时间长,这是因为子宫肌层是由平滑肌束和弹力纤维组成的,而这些肌束又是纵横交错似网状,当子宫收缩时,会压迫肌层的血管,可以有效地制止子宫出血。而子宫收缩不好,不能有力的压迫肌层血管,达到有效止血,所以会出现出血多、出血时间长的表现,所以,产后血性恶露达到或者超过平时月经量要考虑有子宫收缩不好可能,产后血性恶露时间长,正常产后血性恶露一般产后3-5天逐渐减少,由浆液性恶露替代,如果血性恶露一周多还没有干净,也要考虑有子宫收缩不好可能。
如果子宫收缩不好造成出血多、血性恶露时间长,引起贫血,产妇会出现面色苍白、头晕、乏力、食欲不振的表现,大出血造成失血性休克会出现血压下降、心率增快、大汗淋漓的早期休克表现,医生检查会发现子宫软,轮廓不清。
大出血或者血性恶露时间长,身体抵抗力下降,容易引起感染,发生感染会出现腹痛、腰酸、头痛、头晕、乏力、发热、阴道分泌物有异味、有脓性分泌物。
没有阵痛就是没有子宫收缩,羊水破了在临床称为胎膜早破。准确的概念是临产前发生胎膜破裂。
引起胎膜早破的原因很多,常常是多因素相互作用的结果。常见的原因有生殖道感染、羊膜腔压力增高、胎膜受力不均、缺乏维生素 C、锌及铜等。
下面咱们重点说说发生了胎膜早破怎么办?
一,如果已经妊娠足月了,胎膜早破常是即将临产的征兆,如果检查宫颈已经成熟,可以进行观察 ,一般在破膜后 12 小时内自然临产。如果 12 小时内没有临产,可以给予药物引产。
二,未足月胎膜早破,妊娠在 28-35 周,胎膜早破没有感染,羊水池深度≥3 厘米的可以期待疗法。
- 一般处理: 绝对卧床,保持外阴清洁,密切观察体温,心率,宫缩情况,观察阴道流液性状和血白细胞计数。
- 预防感染: 破膜超过 12 小时,给予抗生素预防感染。能降低胎儿及新生儿肺炎、败血症及颅内出血的发生率,也能降低绒毛膜羊膜炎及产后子宫内膜炎的发生几率。
- 抑制宫缩: 一般是用硫酸镁。
- 促胎肺成熟: 一般是用地塞米松。
- 纠正羊水过少: 羊水池深度≤2 厘米,妊娠<35 周的,可行经腹羊膜腔输液,纠正羊水过少。
三,胎膜早破终止妊娠的方式:
- 阴道分娩: 适宜妊娠 35 周后,胎肺成熟,宫颈成熟的。
- 剖宫产: 胎头高浮,胎位异常,宫颈不成熟,胎肺成熟,明显羊膜腔感染,伴有胎儿窘迫,抗感染同时行剖宫产终止妊娠。
子宫收缩力是临产后的主要产力,它贯穿分娩的全过程,正常子宫收缩力具有节律性、对称性、极性和缩复作用。临产后的子宫收缩力使宫颈管逐渐缩短直至消失、宫口扩张、胎先露下降和胎儿、胎盘娩出。
临产后,子宫收缩乏力会使产程延长,造成难产,那么子宫收缩乏力导致难产怎么办呢?
子宫收缩乏力有协调性子宫收缩乏力和不协调性子宫收缩乏力,我们要根据具体情况采取相应措施。
对于协调性子宫收缩乏力。
- 我们要先寻找原因,看看有没有头盆不称和胎位异常,做下阴道检查看看宫颈扩张和胎先露下降情况,如果有头盆不称或者胎位异常,估计不能经阴道分娩者,要及时行剖宫产。
- 没有头盆不称和胎位异常,可以采取措施加强宫缩。
第一产程:
- 可以跟孕妇沟通,缓解孕妇的紧张情绪,注意补充营养和休息。
- 检查宫口扩张大于等于 3 厘米,胎心良好,胎位正常,头盆相称可以缩宫素静脉滴注。
- 如果出现宫口扩张缓慢以及宫颈水肿,可以地西泮静脉推注。
第二产程:
- 如果没有头盆不称,也可以缩宫素静脉滴注加强宫缩,促进产程进展。
第三产程:
- 可以在胎儿前肩娩出时,静脉推注缩宫素 10U,并同时给予缩宫素 10-20U 静脉滴注,加强子宫收缩,促使胎盘剥离、娩出和子宫血窦关闭。
不协调性宫缩乏力。
- 一般是给予镇静剂,使产妇充分休息,使不协调性子宫收缩恢复为协调性宫缩。如果经处理不协调性宫缩没有得到纠正或者出现胎儿宫内窘迫等异常情况,需行剖宫产术。
当地时间10月29日礼来宣布了Ⅲb期临床试验(TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 6)的积极结果,对于早期症状性阿尔茨海默病成人患者,用改良滴定方案接受donanemab治疗的患者在24周主要终点时,伴水肿/积液的淀粉样蛋白相关影像学异常(ARIA-E)有所减少。
donanemab这个新药在今年7月获批于美国,又在之后获日本厚生劳动省、英国药品和医疗产品监管局批准,用于轻度阿尔茨海默病、轻度认知功能障碍的治疗。donanemab在国内2023年取得突破性治疗药物认定,并纳入优先审评审批程序,目前还在审评审批过程中。
CDE官网截图
但在FDA说明书中有黑框警告,大意是应用该药时应注意淀粉样蛋白相关影像学异常(ARIA),表现为ARIA-E和ARIA伴含铁血黄素沉积(ARIA-H),通常发生在治疗早期,且无症状,很少发生严重和危及生命的事件。本次试验的积极结果和这个黑框警告相关。一起来看详情。
FDA说明书截图
给药方式有哪些改变?会不会影响效果?
TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 6是一项多中心随机双盲Ⅲb期研究,主要研究donanemab的不同给药方案对早期症状性AD患者ARIA-E和淀粉样蛋白清除率的影响,这里的早期AD指的是轻度认知障碍(MCI)和轻度痴呆疾病阶段。
给药方式和既往不同,既往标准给药方案是在前三次输注时接受2瓶(700mg)donanemab,然后再接受4瓶(1400mg);改良滴定方式是患者第一次输注1瓶(350mg),第二次输注2瓶(700mg),第三次输注3瓶(1050mg),此后每次输注4瓶(1400mg)。
研究的主要终点是第24周时患者出现ARIA-E占总参与者的比例,结果显示接受改良滴定方式的患者ARIA-E发生率为14%,而标准给药方案为24%,相对风险降低41%。载脂蛋白E(APOE)是已知的阿尔茨海默病遗传风险因素的携带者,在这些患者中,19%患者在改良滴定时患有ARIA-E,而标准给药方案中为57%,相对风险降低67%。
看到这里你或许也有疑问,虽然ARIA-E的发生风险降低了,但改良滴定方案会不会影响疗效?答案是不会。
与接受标准给药方案的患者相比,改良滴定患者淀粉样斑块和p-tau217减少。改良滴定的患者的淀粉样斑块水平较基线平均降低 67%,而标准给药组患者为69%。
参考来源
1.Modified Titration of Donanemab Demonstrated Reduction of ARIA-E in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer's Disease Patients in Phase Ⅲb study.
2.CED官网.
3.A Study of Different Donanemab (LY3002813) Dosing Regimens in Adults With Early Alzheimer's Disease (TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 6).
当地时间10月29日,阿西米尼(asciminib)获美国食品药品管理局(FDA)加速批准[1] ,用于慢性期新诊断的费城染色体阳性慢性粒细胞白血病(Ph+CML)成年患者。CML是一种骨髓和血细胞癌症,通常由费城染色体的异常染色体引起。在一线治疗中,约1/3的患者会出现下列问题:由于不良反应或者治疗无效而停止酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)治疗。
为了解决这一问题,需要开发新的药物,asciminib就是解决这一困境的新药。早在2022年8月,加拿大药物和卫生技术局(CADTH)建议[2] :“若满足条件,可通过公共药物计划报销asciminib用于治疗费城染色体阳性慢性粒细胞白血病。”
asciminib为何得到FDA的青睐?
本次获批基于一项III期多中心随机研究,研究目的是比较每日80mg的asciminib与TKI治疗的疗效。TKI治疗是接受伊马替尼、尼洛替尼、达沙替尼或博舒替尼任意一种治疗。
共有405名患者被随机分配(1:1)进两组治疗。主要疗效结局指标是48周时的主要分子反应(MMR)率。这个指标是慢性髓性白血病的关键指标,这个比例越高,说明该治疗在基因水平上对疾病的控制效果越好,能够更有效地抑制疾病相关基因的表达,进而有望更好地控制疾病的进展、改善患者的症状和预后。
研究结果显示,48周时MMR率方面,asciminib组中为68%(95% CI: 61, 74),TKI组为49%(95% CI: 42, 56),二者相差19%。细看具体的TKI,入组伊马替尼和其他TKI药物入组比例为1:1;asciminib组的MMR率为69%(95% CI: 59, 78),而伊马替尼组为40%(95% CI: 31, 50),相差近30%(95% CI: 17, 42)。
这个新药安全吗?每周需要打几次药?
根据FDA数据显示,在新诊断和既往接受过治疗的患者,应用新药最常见的不良反应(≥20%)是肌肉骨骼疼痛、皮疹、疲劳、上呼吸道感染、头痛、腹痛和腹泻。若只看新诊断的患者,最常见的实验室异常(≥40%)是淋巴细胞计数降低、白细胞计数降低、血小板计数降低、中性粒细胞计数降低等。
根据FDA已批准的asciminib说明书,用药期间还需要注意一下事项:
1.骨髓抑制 :用药期间可能因出现骨髓抑制,发生血小板减少症、中性粒细胞减少症和贫血。用药应在治疗的前3个月,需要每两周进行一次全血细胞计数,此后每月进行一次检测,从而判断患者有无骨髓抑制症状。根据严重程度,咨询医生是否需要停药。
2.胰腺毒性 :患者可能出现血清脂肪酶和淀粉酶无症状升高,每月需评估血清脂肪酶和淀粉酶水平,如果您有胰腺炎,则注意主动告知医生,需要进行频率更高的检测。
3.高血压风险 :可能出现3级或4级高血压风险,应注意检测血压。
4.超敏反应 :可能出现3级或4级超敏反应,包括皮疹、水肿和支气管痉挛。如果出现这些症状,需及时反馈医生,医生会根据超敏反应的体征和症状,开始适当的治疗。
5.心血管毒性 :如果您有心血管病史,需要告知医生;对于3级或更高级别的心血管毒性,医生会考虑暂停用药、减少剂量或永久停药。
6.胚胎/胎儿毒性 :若您在怀孕期间用药或在服用药物期间怀孕,可能对孩子有潜在风险。这个新药是口服药,需要根据不同的给药剂量(80mg或40mg)每天/或每两天用药。
近些年来,还有哪些白血病药物获批FDA?
根据FDA肿瘤学/血液系统恶性肿瘤批准通知,白血病相关新药整理如下表。
另外可以看出21年时asciminib已获批白血病治疗,但限定既往接受过两种或更多TKIs治疗,本次获批属于扩大适应证。
参考来源:
1.FDA grants accelerated approval to asciminib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. 2.Asciminib(Scemblix):CADTHReimbursementRecommendation:Indication:ForthetreatmentofadultpatientswithPhiladelphiachromosome-positivechronicmyeloidleukemia(Ph+CML)inchronicphase(CP)previouslytreatedwith2ormoretyrosinekinaseinhibitors.Ottawa(ON):CanadianAgencyforDrugsandTechnologiesinHealth;2022Aug.PMID:38713779. 3.AStudyofOralAsciminibVersusOtherTKIsinAdultPatientsWithNewlyDiagnosedPh+CML-CP. 4.Product information:SCEMBLIX-asciminibtablet,filmcoated.UpdatedAugust7,2024. 5.Oncology(Cancer)/HematologicMalignanciesApprovalNotifications.
以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。
Presentation of Case
Differential Diagnosis
Movement Disorders
Seizures
Functional Movement Disorder
Dyskinesia
Limb-Shaking TIAs
Clinical Impression and Initial Management
Clinical Diagnosis
Dr. Albert Y. Hung’s Diagnosis
Pathological Discussion
Pathological Diagnosis
Additional Management
Final Diagnosis
以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。
Presentation of Case
Dr. Christine M. Parsons (Medicine): A 75-year-old woman was evaluated at this hospital because of arthritis, abdominal pain, edema, malaise, and fever.
Three weeks before the current admission, the patient noticed waxing and waning “throbbing” pain in the right upper abdomen, which she rated at 9 (on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 indicating the most severe pain) at its maximal intensity. The pain was associated with nausea and fever with a temperature of up to 39.0°C. Pain worsened after food consumption and was relieved with acetaminophen. During the 3 weeks before the current admission, edema developed in both legs; it had started at the ankles and gradually progressed upward to the hips. When the edema began to affect her ambulation, she presented to the emergency department of this hospital.
A review of systems that was obtained from the patient and her family was notable for intermittent fever, abdominal bloating, anorexia, and fatigue that had progressed during the previous 3 weeks. The patient reported new orthopnea and nonproductive cough. Approximately 4 weeks earlier, she had had diarrhea for several days. During the 6 weeks before the current admission, the patient had lost 9 kg unintentionally; she also had had pain in the wrists and hands, 3 days of burning and dryness of the eyes, and diffuse myalgias. She had not had night sweats, dry mouth, jaw claudication, vision changes, urinary symptoms, or oral, nasal, or genital ulcers.
The patient’s medical history was notable for multiple myeloma (for which treatment with thalidomide and melphalan had been initiated 2 years earlier and was stopped approximately 1 year before the current admission); hypothyroidism; chikungunya virus infection (diagnosed 7 years earlier); seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis affecting the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders (diagnosed 3 years earlier); vitiligo; and osteoarthritis of the right hip, for which she had undergone arthroplasty. Evidence of gastritis was reportedly seen on endoscopy that had been performed 6 months earlier. Medications included daily treatment with levothyroxine and acetaminophen and pipazethate hydrochloride as needed for cough. The patient consumed chamomile and horsetail herbal teas. She had no known allergies to medications, but she had been advised not to take nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs after her diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Approximately 5 months before the current admission, the patient had emigrated from Central America. She lived with her daughter and grandchildren in an urban area of New England. She had previously worked in health care. She had no history of alcohol, tobacco, or other substance use. There was no family history of cancer or autoimmune, renal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, or cardiac disease.
On examination, the temporal temperature was 37.1°C, the heart rate 106 beats per minute, the blood pressure 152/67 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation 100% while the patient was breathing ambient air. She had a frail appearance and bitemporal cachexia. The weight was 41 kg and the body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) 15.2. Her dentition was poor; most of the teeth were missing, caries were present in the remaining teeth, and the mucous membranes were dry. She had abdominal tenderness on the right side and mild abdominal distention, without organomegaly or guarding. Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy was palpable. Infrequent inspiratory wheezing was noted.
The patient had swan-neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, ulnar deviation, and distal hyperextensibility of the thumbs (Fig. 1). Subcutaneous nodules were observed on the proximal interphalangeal joints of the second and third fingers of the right hand and on the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fourth finger of the left hand. Synovial thickening of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the second fingers was noted. There was mild swelling and tenderness of the wrists. She had pain with flexion of the shoulders and right hip, and there was subtle swelling of the shoulders and right knee. Pitting edema (3+) and vitiligo were noted on the legs. No sclerodactyly, digital pitting, telangiectasias, appreciable calcinosis, nodules, nail changes (including pitting), or tophi were present. The remainder of the examination was normal.
The blood levels of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, globulin, lactate, lipase, magnesium, and phosphorus were normal, as were the prothrombin time and international normalized ratio; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. Urinalysis showed 3+ protein and 3+ blood, and microscopic examination of the sediment revealed 5 to 10 red cells per high-power field and granular casts. Urine and blood were obtained for culture. An electrocardiogram met (at a borderline level) the voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy.
Dr. Rene Balza Romero: Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, performed after the intravenous administration of contrast material, revealed scattered subcentimeter pulmonary nodules (including clusters in the right middle lobe and patchy and ground-glass opacities in the left upper lobe), trace pleural effusion in the left lung, coronary and valvular calcifications, and trace pericardial effusion, ascites, and anasarca. The scans also showed slight enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes (up to 11 mm in the short axis) bilaterally and a chronic-appearing compression fracture involving the T12 vertebral body.
Dr. Parsons: Morphine and lactated Ringer’s solution were administered intravenously. On the second day in the emergency department (also referred to as hospital day 2), the blood levels of haptoglobin, folate, and vitamin B12 were normal; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. A rapid antigen test for malaria was positive. Wright–Giemsa staining of thick and thin peripheral-blood smears was negative for parasites; the smears also showed Döhle bodies and basophilic stippling. Antigliadin antibodies and anti–tissue transglutaminase antibodies were not detected. Tests for hepatitis A IgG and hepatitis C antibodies were positive. Tests for hepatitis B core and surface antibodies were negative. A test for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) was negative.
Findings on abdominal ultrasound imaging performed on the second day (Fig. 2A and 2B) were notable for a small volume of ascites and kidneys with echogenic parenchyma. Ultrasonography of the legs showed no deep venous thrombosis. An echocardiogram showed normal ventricular size and function, aortic sclerosis with mild aortic insufficiency, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, a right ventricular systolic pressure of 39 mm Hg, and a small circumferential pericardial effusion. Intravenous hydromorphone was administered, and the patient was admitted to the hospital.
On the third day (also referred to as hospital day 3), nucleic acid testing for cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus was negative, and a stool antigen test for Helicobacter pylori was negative. An interferon-γ release assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was also negative. Oral acetaminophen and ivermectin and intravenous hydromorphone and furosemide were administered.
Dr. Balza Romero: Radiographs of the hands (Fig. 2C through 2F) showed joint-space narrowing of both radiocarpal joints and proximal interphalangeal erosions involving both hands. Radiographs of the shoulders showed arthritis of the glenohumeral joint and alignment suggestive of a tear of the right rotator cuff. A radiograph of the pelvis showed diffuse joint-space narrowing of the left hip, without osteophytosis, and an intact right hip prosthesis.
Dr. Parsons: Diagnostic tests were performed, and management decisions were made.
Differential Diagnosis
Cancer
Infectious Disease
Autoimmune Disease
Hypocomplementemia
Dr. Beth L. Jonas’s Diagnosis
Pathological Discussion
Pathological Diagnosis
Discussion of Management
Follow-up
Final Diagnosis
Overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by proliferative lupus nephritis, superimposed on amyloid A amyloidosis.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) versus chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in the global TROPiCS-02 study. TROPiCS-02 enrolled few Asian patients. Here we report results of SG in Asian patients with HR+HER2- mBC from the EVER-132-002 study. Patients were randomized to SG (n = 166) or chemotherapy (n = 165). The primary endpoint was met: PFS was improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.87; P = 0.0028; median 4.3 versus 4.2 months). OS also improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.88; P = 0.0061; median 21.0 versus 15.3 months). The most common grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia, leukopenia and anemia. SG demonstrated significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PFS and OS versus chemotherapy, with a manageable safety profile consistent with prior studies. SG represents a promising treatment option for Asian patients with HR+HER2- mBC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier no. NCT04639986 ).
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