湿疹,也称为特应性皮炎,从刚刚出生的婴儿到八九十岁的老人都会长。
发病原因是多种因素导致皮肤屏障功能受损,外界有害物如细菌、真菌等入侵皮肤。
每年10月到次年4月,是北方气候相对干燥的月份,也是湿疹好发的时间。湿疹反反复复,瘙痒难耐。
《生命时报》邀请专家,教你科学阻断湿疹,防住这种难忍的痒。
受访专家
中南大学湘雅医院皮肤科主任医师 简丹
北京大学第一医院皮肤性病科副主任医师 赵作涛
首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院皮肤性病科主治医师 王奔
四川大学华西医院皮肤性病科主治医师 李萌萌
湿疹不是因为湿,秋冬季更猖狂
湿疹的名字里,虽然有“湿”字,其实根本不是“湿”引起的,相反是因为“干”。
皮肤是人体的屏障,由于空气、环境等多种原因导致皮肤屏障破坏后,经皮水分丢失增加,皮肤会变得干燥、脆弱,从而产生湿疹、炎症等问题。
目前研究表明,湿疹的发病与遗传、环境、感染、免疫异常以及皮肤屏障功能下降等有关。
根据皮损表现,湿疹分3种:急性湿疹、亚急性湿疹、慢性湿疹。
急性湿疹可发生在任何部位,主要表现为红斑、丘疹、水疱、脓疱、糜烂、渗出、结痂等,可循序出现,也可2~3种同时出现。
一些人出现湿疹觉得痒就去抠,结果加重了病情,进展成下面两种类型的湿疹:
- 亚急性湿疹,以丘疹、鳞屑、结痂为主,抠的话还容易出现糜烂;
- 慢性湿疹,长湿疹的皮肤浸润增厚,变成暗红色。
湿疹伤害的不只是皮肤
出现湿疹,可以用干净的冷毛巾在患处进行冷敷。如果患处没伤口,可用保湿霜暂时缓解瘙痒;如果患处有破损,可用碘伏、聚维酮碘等消毒,并坚持使用医生开具的药。
湿疹并不是单纯的皮疹而已,应该积极治疗,阻断过敏进程。它除了对皮肤的破坏,还会牵连身体其他机能:
诱发过敏
湿疹作为过敏进程的起始,部分患者可以后续出现过敏性鼻炎、过敏性哮喘、过敏性结膜炎等特应性疾病。
损害睡眠
患者可因皮疹、严重瘙痒导致睡眠缺失。通常60%的湿疹患者有睡眠障碍,在疾病发作期这个比例可上升到83%,还会因饮食限制损害生活质量。
影响心理健康
湿疹严重影响小儿的发育及心理健康,抑郁症在儿童及成人湿疹患者的发病率较高。最近的报告表明,湿疹还可能与多动症有关联。
可能危害心脏
湿疹可能对免疫系统产生影响。在美国皮肤病大会上,皮肤科医生西尔弗伯格•乔纳森提醒,湿疹还可能会危害心脏,甚至引发心脏病。
湿疹患者应严格遵医嘱用药、控制症状,一旦出现胸闷、气短、胸痛等症状时应及时就医。
湿疹反复发作,怎样才好得快?
湿疹容易反复,与这类人群皮肤缺乏稳定牢固的防护墙有关。
目前没有任何一种药能够根治湿疹,患者能做的是减少湿疹复发,控制湿疹向严重程度进展。
因此,在日常洗脸和洗澡时,都应格外注意和加强护理。
01洗澡不超过10分钟
为避免湿疹复发,患者洗澡时不能用温度太高的水,时间也不能太长,最好别超过10分钟。
02使用温和的中性浴液
洗脸、洗澡都不需用去角质产品。不建议用搓澡工具,可用手来打泡沫。
洗澡时的清洁产品应选择低敏无刺激的,且不用每次都用。避免使用含有色素及香料成分的沐浴产品。
03洗澡后3~5分钟涂保湿霜
洗澡后,用柔软的浴巾轻轻拍干水分,而不是用力擦拭。稍稍抹干后,在3~5分钟内给皮肤涂上润肤膏,防止水分流失。涂好润肤膏后待皮肤吸收,再穿衣服。
04选择棉制品衣物
穿衣着装选择棉制品衣物,以宽松为宜,由于部分患者对羊毛过敏,应尽量避免直接接触羊毛衣物。新衣服最好使用柔化剂清洗后再穿着,避免刺激皮肤。
05涂抹保湿霜量要大
好多患者药擦了,保湿霜也用了,湿疹还是没有缓解,多半是因为保湿霜没擦够。
湿疹的保湿治疗不等于平时的护肤,不是挖硬币大小的量涂均匀就可以,而是需要擦大量温和无刺激的保湿霜。
孩子每周至少用100克,大人每周至少用250克,每次都需把保湿霜厚厚地涂在湿疹皮肤处才能达到保湿效果。
至于为什么需要这么大量,原因很简单——皮肤干燥表明皮肤屏障功能破坏了,就像出现了裂缝,过敏原、细菌等会乘虚而入,通过厚涂保湿霜就能把裂缝堵上,恢复屏障功能。
06合理使用激素药
国内外的临床经验已经证明,对于中重度湿疹患者来说,合理选用外用激素药膏是首选疗法。
激素药物的副作用通常是在长期大量的口服后才能出现,且不良反应局限于皮肤,主要表现为皮肤变薄或色素沉着。
另外,即使不用激素药膏,恢复期的湿疹部位皮肤在也可能会出现色素沉着,因而并不一定都是激素造成的色斑。
如果你出现了外耳道的剧烈瘙痒,并伴有反复流水及结痂病史,这很可能说明你患上了外耳道湿疹。
事实上,外耳道湿疹对小儿来说比较多见,和其他湿疹一样,发病机制复杂,既有内在因素,又有外在影响。
所谓内在因素就是患者本身具有过敏性体质,这在湿疹的发病过程中起主导作用。患者自身的身体状态,如精神紧张、焦虑、失眠、过度疲劳、情绪变化等精神改变,以及感染病灶、新陈代谢障碍和内分泌功能失调等疾病,均可能诱发或加重湿疹病情。临床上也常常发现有大量饮酒后诱发湿疹发作的病例。
外在影响则主要包括饮食、吸入物、气候、接触过敏物等因素。易引发湿疹的食物包括牛奶、鱼虾、海鲜等,潮湿和高温的环境也是常见诱因,故婴幼儿会因为衣物穿着或包裹太厚而出现湿疹。除此以外,皮肤状态还会受药物、化妆品、织物、肥皂、助听器等物品接触而引发过敏。中耳炎的脓性分泌物也可引起外耳道湿疹,值得注意。
外耳湿疹是发生在耳郭、外耳道及其周围皮肤的多形性皮疹,小儿多见,一般可分为急性、亚急性、慢性三类,并无遗传性湿疹的说法。
湿疹是一种常见的皮肤病,但是治疗起来却有点棘手。其病因和发病机理目前尚不完全明了,可能与变态反应、精神因素、内分泌等因素失调有关。其治疗包括三个方面:
- 一般治疗:家属及患者正确了解湿疹的知识,积极主动配合治疗,细心寻找病因,予以排除和治疗。对病因不明者,注意调整饮食,吃清淡食物。忌饮酒,避免具有较强变应原的食物,如虾、蟹,改变或停用奶制品等。避免搔抓,忌用热水、肥皂等清洗,不要在潮湿、高温环境中生活太久。
- 全身治疗:继发感染,全身和局部应用抗生素,服用抗过敏药物,如扑尔敏等。渗液较多时,可补充维生素 C,静注 10%葡萄糖酸钙。
- 局部治疗:根据“湿以湿治,干以干治”的原则,分为比较干燥、无渗液者,渗出液较少者,渗出液较多者三种情况,在医生指导下用药。但应禁用刺激性药物。
另外,中医药对该病的治疗有一定效果,可以在医生指导下采用。
耳朵是我们面部的主要五官之一,也是我们接受外界声音的重要部位,当然除此以外,它的不同表现也能够反映出身体的各种健康状况,常言道,肾生窍于耳,如果耳朵的各项功能都正常,那就能够判断肾脏功能强壮,可一旦听力明显下降,那就说明肾脏可能出现了什么问题。
当然除此以外,耳朵最经常出现的感觉就是瘙痒,因为在日常生活中,耳朵内部会不断产生分泌物,然后经过干燥以后形成耳屎。耳屎长期存在于耳朵内部,就很容易产生比较痒的情况,可能很多人觉得只要用棉签或者掏耳勺处理一下就可以了。
首先需要提醒各位的是,耳朵内部的皮肤非常柔嫩,而且遍布着大量血管,同时跟大脑神经距离非常近,所以掏耳朵的过程中很容易因为力度把握不好伤害到脑部血管;再者就是耳朵经常痒并不是耳屎分泌比较多那么简单,很可能是四种身体异常发出的求救信号,若不及时缓解,很可能带来更多的麻烦。
细菌感染
其实耳屎的存在,在很大程度上能够避免外界空气中的细菌,病毒以及大颗粒物质进入,在一定程度上能够对耳朵起到很好的保护作用。而在正常情况下,虽然我们耳朵内部会不断产生耳屎,但是通常会随着人们的日常动作而被排出去,可在特殊情况下,有人可能耳屎分泌比较多,而且平时处理不及时,这就很容易导致在耳朵内部滋生细菌,而细菌感染以后,最先出现的感觉就是痒,如果不及时进行清洁处理,那就会产生更多细菌,甚至导致听力下降。
螨虫聚集
其实我们身边到处都可能存在螨虫,比如被子,枕头,衣服以及毛巾,因为螨虫是以我们身体的皮屑为生存根本,而我们身体各处时时刻刻都在进行着细胞的更新换代,自然也就会代谢大量的皮屑,所以这就很容易导致螨虫聚集,耳朵内部也不例外,我们平时无论是洗澡还是日常洗脸,基本上都很容易忽略耳朵这个部位,所以它也就很容易成为螨虫的聚集地,如果不及时处理,前期会经常出现耳朵痒的感觉,若不及时处理,很可能引起多种耳道炎症。
耳部湿疹
湿疹是一种生活中很常见的皮肤疾病,导致湿疹的原因有很多,比如不注意个人卫生,睡眠不足,饮食不节以及外界环境刺激等等,而发生湿疹的部位也有很多,小腿,双手,腋下,以及耳后等等,而且基本上都是呈对称性分布,出现后的主要表现就是皮肤出现红斑,然后产生剧烈的瘙痒感,所以说若耳朵经常产生瘙痒感,那就需要注意是耳部湿疹的原因,如果不及时缓解,很可能会引发皮肤流脓或者溃疡。
咽喉炎症
其实导致耳朵经常痒的原因也不只局限于耳朵内部的原因,因为我们面部的五官基本上都有一定的联系,一旦咽喉出现炎症,就可能产生大量分泌物,导致血液以及空气流通补不畅,自然会导致整个头部的血压升高,接着就很容易引起耳朵内部瘙痒。
如何对耳朵内部进行清洁呢?
在日常生活中,人们对耳朵内部进行清洁的方式主要有两种,一种是掏耳勺,另一种就是棉签,然而前者因为质地比较硬,所以很容易在耳朵内部产生伤口,甚至损伤脑部血管;而棉签虽然比较软,但是它对耳朵内部的清洁能力却非常差,非但无法清除耳屎,反而会将耳屎推进耳朵内部,而对耳朵内部最好的清洁方式就是定期去医院进行清理,。这样既干净又放心。
注意避免各种可疑致病因素,发病期间应避免食用辛辣食物及饮酒,避免过度清洁、清洗。
家庭护理
当患处瘙痒难忍时,可通过拍打患处或涂抹止痒药物来止痒,切不可大力地抓挠患处。对于控制力较差的婴幼儿患者,应给其剪短指甲或在其睡觉时给其戴上手套,以防止患儿不自觉地搔抓患处而引起感染。
日常生活管理
要养成健康的饮食习惯,避免偏食。湿疹患者的日常饮食应以清淡、易消化、低盐少油的食物为主,要少吃牛奶、鱼类、鸡蛋等容易加重病情、引起过敏的食物,也不要食用辛辣的食物。对于患有湿疹的婴幼儿,应尽量保证母乳喂养。
适当洗浴,可每周2~3次洗澡。洗澡时应以洗淋浴为佳,不要用热水烫洗或过度清洗皮损处,以免加重病情。洗澡时应使用中性的浴液或肥皂,洗完后要及时将身体擦干,并要在患处涂抹外用润肤剂。
要尽量穿柔软、宽松的棉质或其他天然纤维制成的衣服,少穿会引起过敏的人造纤维及毛料等制成的衣服,以免加重过敏的症状。
要注意控制室内的温度及湿度。过于闷热或过于干燥的环境都可导致湿疹病情的反复。因此,该病患者在夏季要保证室内空气的流通,在冬季使用暖气时,可在室内放置加湿器或放一盆清水,以维持室内的相对湿度,必要时可在皮肤上擦油性的乳液来滋润皮肤。
在外出时要保护好患处,尤其要避免患处受风或被阳光长时间照射,以免导致皮肤干燥而加重病情。
湿疹患者在平时要保持愉快的心情,避免紧张、抑郁、焦虑、暴躁、愤怒等负面情绪的出现,这样也有利于病情的康复。
以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。
Presentation of Case
Differential Diagnosis
Movement Disorders
Seizures
Functional Movement Disorder
Dyskinesia
Limb-Shaking TIAs
Clinical Impression and Initial Management
Clinical Diagnosis
Dr. Albert Y. Hung’s Diagnosis
Pathological Discussion
Pathological Diagnosis
Additional Management
Final Diagnosis
以下内容来源于新英格兰医学杂志。
Presentation of Case
Dr. Christine M. Parsons (Medicine): A 75-year-old woman was evaluated at this hospital because of arthritis, abdominal pain, edema, malaise, and fever.
Three weeks before the current admission, the patient noticed waxing and waning “throbbing” pain in the right upper abdomen, which she rated at 9 (on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 indicating the most severe pain) at its maximal intensity. The pain was associated with nausea and fever with a temperature of up to 39.0°C. Pain worsened after food consumption and was relieved with acetaminophen. During the 3 weeks before the current admission, edema developed in both legs; it had started at the ankles and gradually progressed upward to the hips. When the edema began to affect her ambulation, she presented to the emergency department of this hospital.
A review of systems that was obtained from the patient and her family was notable for intermittent fever, abdominal bloating, anorexia, and fatigue that had progressed during the previous 3 weeks. The patient reported new orthopnea and nonproductive cough. Approximately 4 weeks earlier, she had had diarrhea for several days. During the 6 weeks before the current admission, the patient had lost 9 kg unintentionally; she also had had pain in the wrists and hands, 3 days of burning and dryness of the eyes, and diffuse myalgias. She had not had night sweats, dry mouth, jaw claudication, vision changes, urinary symptoms, or oral, nasal, or genital ulcers.
The patient’s medical history was notable for multiple myeloma (for which treatment with thalidomide and melphalan had been initiated 2 years earlier and was stopped approximately 1 year before the current admission); hypothyroidism; chikungunya virus infection (diagnosed 7 years earlier); seropositive erosive rheumatoid arthritis affecting the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders (diagnosed 3 years earlier); vitiligo; and osteoarthritis of the right hip, for which she had undergone arthroplasty. Evidence of gastritis was reportedly seen on endoscopy that had been performed 6 months earlier. Medications included daily treatment with levothyroxine and acetaminophen and pipazethate hydrochloride as needed for cough. The patient consumed chamomile and horsetail herbal teas. She had no known allergies to medications, but she had been advised not to take nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs after her diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Approximately 5 months before the current admission, the patient had emigrated from Central America. She lived with her daughter and grandchildren in an urban area of New England. She had previously worked in health care. She had no history of alcohol, tobacco, or other substance use. There was no family history of cancer or autoimmune, renal, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, or cardiac disease.
On examination, the temporal temperature was 37.1°C, the heart rate 106 beats per minute, the blood pressure 152/67 mm Hg, and the oxygen saturation 100% while the patient was breathing ambient air. She had a frail appearance and bitemporal cachexia. The weight was 41 kg and the body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) 15.2. Her dentition was poor; most of the teeth were missing, caries were present in the remaining teeth, and the mucous membranes were dry. She had abdominal tenderness on the right side and mild abdominal distention, without organomegaly or guarding. Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy was palpable. Infrequent inspiratory wheezing was noted.
The patient had swan-neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, ulnar deviation, and distal hyperextensibility of the thumbs (Fig. 1). Subcutaneous nodules were observed on the proximal interphalangeal joints of the second and third fingers of the right hand and on the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fourth finger of the left hand. Synovial thickening of the metacarpophalangeal joints of the second fingers was noted. There was mild swelling and tenderness of the wrists. She had pain with flexion of the shoulders and right hip, and there was subtle swelling of the shoulders and right knee. Pitting edema (3+) and vitiligo were noted on the legs. No sclerodactyly, digital pitting, telangiectasias, appreciable calcinosis, nodules, nail changes (including pitting), or tophi were present. The remainder of the examination was normal.
The blood levels of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, globulin, lactate, lipase, magnesium, and phosphorus were normal, as were the prothrombin time and international normalized ratio; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. Urinalysis showed 3+ protein and 3+ blood, and microscopic examination of the sediment revealed 5 to 10 red cells per high-power field and granular casts. Urine and blood were obtained for culture. An electrocardiogram met (at a borderline level) the voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy.
Dr. Rene Balza Romero: Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, performed after the intravenous administration of contrast material, revealed scattered subcentimeter pulmonary nodules (including clusters in the right middle lobe and patchy and ground-glass opacities in the left upper lobe), trace pleural effusion in the left lung, coronary and valvular calcifications, and trace pericardial effusion, ascites, and anasarca. The scans also showed slight enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes (up to 11 mm in the short axis) bilaterally and a chronic-appearing compression fracture involving the T12 vertebral body.
Dr. Parsons: Morphine and lactated Ringer’s solution were administered intravenously. On the second day in the emergency department (also referred to as hospital day 2), the blood levels of haptoglobin, folate, and vitamin B12 were normal; other laboratory test results are shown in Table 1. A rapid antigen test for malaria was positive. Wright–Giemsa staining of thick and thin peripheral-blood smears was negative for parasites; the smears also showed Döhle bodies and basophilic stippling. Antigliadin antibodies and anti–tissue transglutaminase antibodies were not detected. Tests for hepatitis A IgG and hepatitis C antibodies were positive. Tests for hepatitis B core and surface antibodies were negative. A test for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) was negative.
Findings on abdominal ultrasound imaging performed on the second day (Fig. 2A and 2B) were notable for a small volume of ascites and kidneys with echogenic parenchyma. Ultrasonography of the legs showed no deep venous thrombosis. An echocardiogram showed normal ventricular size and function, aortic sclerosis with mild aortic insufficiency, moderate tricuspid regurgitation, a right ventricular systolic pressure of 39 mm Hg, and a small circumferential pericardial effusion. Intravenous hydromorphone was administered, and the patient was admitted to the hospital.
On the third day (also referred to as hospital day 3), nucleic acid testing for cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus was negative, and a stool antigen test for Helicobacter pylori was negative. An interferon-γ release assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was also negative. Oral acetaminophen and ivermectin and intravenous hydromorphone and furosemide were administered.
Dr. Balza Romero: Radiographs of the hands (Fig. 2C through 2F) showed joint-space narrowing of both radiocarpal joints and proximal interphalangeal erosions involving both hands. Radiographs of the shoulders showed arthritis of the glenohumeral joint and alignment suggestive of a tear of the right rotator cuff. A radiograph of the pelvis showed diffuse joint-space narrowing of the left hip, without osteophytosis, and an intact right hip prosthesis.
Dr. Parsons: Diagnostic tests were performed, and management decisions were made.
Differential Diagnosis
Cancer
Infectious Disease
Autoimmune Disease
Hypocomplementemia
Dr. Beth L. Jonas’s Diagnosis
Pathological Discussion
Pathological Diagnosis
Discussion of Management
Follow-up
Final Diagnosis
Overlap syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by proliferative lupus nephritis, superimposed on amyloid A amyloidosis.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) versus chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in the global TROPiCS-02 study. TROPiCS-02 enrolled few Asian patients. Here we report results of SG in Asian patients with HR+HER2- mBC from the EVER-132-002 study. Patients were randomized to SG (n = 166) or chemotherapy (n = 165). The primary endpoint was met: PFS was improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.87; P = 0.0028; median 4.3 versus 4.2 months). OS also improved with SG versus chemotherapy (hazard ratio of 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.88; P = 0.0061; median 21.0 versus 15.3 months). The most common grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia, leukopenia and anemia. SG demonstrated significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PFS and OS versus chemotherapy, with a manageable safety profile consistent with prior studies. SG represents a promising treatment option for Asian patients with HR+HER2- mBC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier no. NCT04639986 ).
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by abdominal discomfort and occasional diarrhea. The pathogenesis of IBS-D is thought to be related to a combination of factors, including psychological stress, abnormal muscle contractions, and inflammation and disorder of the gut microbiome. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis of the logical regulatory correlation among these factors. In this study, we found that stress induced hyperproduction of xanthine and altered the abundance and metabolic characteristics of Lactobacillus murinus in the gut. Lactobacillus murinus-derived spermidine suppressed the basal expression of type I interferon (IFN)-α in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by inhibiting the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3. The reduction in IFN-α unrestricted the contractile function of colonic smooth muscle cells, resulting in an increase in bowel movement. Our findings provided a theoretical basis for the pathological mechanism of, and new drug targets for, stress-exposed IBS-D.
Keywords: AdorA2B; Lactobacillus murinus; irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea; spermidine; stress; type I interferon; xanthine.
以下内容来源于PubMed。
Abstract
The severe bronchiolitis endotype characterized by a high abundance of H. influenzae, high proportion of RV-A and RV-C infections, and high asthma genetic risk had a significantly higher risk for developing asthma.
Background: Infants with bronchiolitis are at increased risk for developing asthma. Growing evidence suggests bronchiolitis is a heterogeneous condition. However, little is known about its biologically distinct subgroups based on the integrated metagenome and asthma genetic risk signature and their longitudinal relationships with asthma development.
Methods: In a multi-center prospective cohort study of infants with severe bronchiolitis (i.e., bronchiolitis requiring hospitalization), we profiled nasopharyngeal airway metagenome and virus at hospitalization, and calculated the polygenic risk score of asthma. Using similarity network fusion clustering approach, we identified integrated metagenome-asthma genetic risk endotypes. We also examined their longitudinal association with the risk of developing asthma by age six years.
Results: Of 450 infants with bronchiolitis (median age, 3 months), we identified five distinct endotypes-characterized by their nasopharyngeal metagenome, virus, and asthma genetic risk profiles. Compared with endotype A infants (who clinically resembled "classic" bronchiolitis), endotype E infants (characterized by a high abundance of H. influenzae, high proportion of RV-A and RV-C infections, and high asthma genetic risk) had a significantly higher risk for developing asthma (35.9% versus 16.7%; ORadj, 2.24; 95%CI, 1.02-4.97; p=0.046). The pathway analysis showed that endotype E had enriched microbial pathways (e.g., glycolysis, L-lysine, arginine metabolism) and host pathways (e.g., IFNs, IL-6/JAK/STAT3, fatty acids, MHC, and immunoglobin-related) (FDR<0.05). Additionally, endotype E had a significantly higher proportion of neutrophils (FDR<0.05).
Conclusion: In this multi-center prospective cohort study of infant bronchiolitis, the clustering analysis of integrated-omics data identified biologically distinct endotypes with differential risks for developing asthma.
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