膝关节骨性关节炎
膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis, KOA)导致的疼痛在临床是很常见的主诉。那么KOA的如何用药呢?都有哪些注意事项?
膝骨关节炎(KOA)临床较常见,其是一种慢性退行性骨关节疾病,主要表现为膝关节疼痛和活动受限。
NSAIDs是一类有解热、镇痛、抗炎、抗风湿作用的药物,并可缓解局部骨赘刺激引起的炎症症状,减轻关节肿胀等,其根据对COX作用的选择性不同,可分为非选择性NSAIDs如布洛芬、洛索洛芬、吲哚美辛、萘普生、双氯芬酸、氟比洛芬酯、酮咯酸等与选择性COX-2抑制剂如塞来昔布、尼美舒利、帕瑞昔布、依托考昔、艾瑞昔布等。
绝大部分KOA是伤害性疼痛,全身、局部用NSAIDs是首选,建议尽早使用,越早使用治疗效果越明显,并明显缩短病程。
NSAIDs的不良反应:胃肠道不良事件发生率较高,目前认为非选择性NSAIDs 的消化道损害发生率高于选择性COX-2 抑制剂,胃肠道反应风险高者建议使用选择性COX-2抑制剂或非选择性NSAIDs联合质子泵抑制剂(PPI),同时不要空腹服药,餐后用药可减少胃部不适。
因所有NSAIDs都有心血管不良事件发生的风险,《膝骨关节炎疼痛的程序治疗》(2021年)中指出,选择性COX-2抑制剂的风险更高,膝骨关节炎疼痛的老年者发病率较高,需注意心血管不良事件的潜在风险,不建议长期且连续使用。
老年者长期服用小剂量阿司匹林较多,KOA疼痛发作时使用NSAIDs时注意药物的叠加不良反应,尽量选择局部使用NSAIDs。
有全身使用NSAIDs禁忌证、疼痛比较局限者(大部分KOA者疼痛都比较局限)可选择局部使用NSAIDs,如双氯芬酸二乙胺乳胶剂、洛索洛芬钠贴剂、氟比洛芬凝胶贴膏、布洛芬凝胶、酮洛芬凝胶等。外用NSAIDs需注意皮肤过敏反应。
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