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PTSD究竟有多可怕?
PTSD,创伤后应激障碍,这个词,也许你并不陌生。 近两年,网络上常常出现它的身影,比如:迟到PTSD、看了某个剧后的PTSD、社恐PTSD、对某个反派角色PTSD.......通过在任意一件事后加一个PTSD,来表达自己的不喜欢,这些情况多是在玩梗,其本质并不会真正有PTSD。 真正陷入PTSD的患者,也许我们无法对他们的痛苦感同身受。 沈阳一私立学校,一名女孩因为没有参与补课,被老师辱骂孤立,患上了创伤后应激障碍。 日本的真子公主因常年遭受诽谤,患上了复杂性创伤后应激障碍。 PTSD究竟是什么? 创伤后应激障碍,是指经历了痛苦事情后引发的精神疾病。应激性的事件有很多种,战争、地震、火灾、亲人死亡、父母离异、暴力事件等等。事件或大或小,直接经历或者间接经历都有可能引发,比如汶川地震时的救助人员就是亲眼目睹他人死亡后,间接引起的创伤性应激障碍。 创伤后应激障碍,有以下几种表现—— 1.会不断体验当时的情境与感觉 比如会不由自主想起、频繁梦到、看到相关物产生消极情绪或生理反应。 2. 对创伤伴有的刺激进行回避,并且对一般事物反应麻木 比如不愿提及或回忆当时的具体情况以及感受,努力避免接触和当时事件有关的地点、时间、人、物,没有兴趣参加有意义的活动、对亲人、朋友感情冷淡等等。 3. 警觉性增高 比如,难以入睡或睡眠较浅,脾气暴躁容易被激怒,过分担惊受怕,注意力下降难以集中。 除了典型症状,还会出现于焦虑、抑郁、物质依赖等共病,且共病患者的自杀危险性会提高。PTSD的自杀率高于普通人群,为19%。不仅是心理,还会影响到身体,该病还会增加一些身体疾病的患病风险,比如哮喘、原发性高血压、肥胖等等。 总之,PTSD会给自己和他人带来伤害。所以我国有明文规定,当发生重大灾害后,在当地进行心理应激相关的救援工作。提前做好干预,有利于缓解经历者的痛苦情绪,防止PTSD。 如果患上了PTSD,身边人以及自己都不能掉以轻心,PTSD并不会自愈,为了防止病情加重,要及时干预治疗,常见的治疗方法分为 心理疗法和药物疗法两种。 PTSD需积极治疗 心理疗法一般采用多种方式结合,会比单一的心理疗法更有效,如果你或者是家人患上了PTSD,建议寻求专业医生的治疗。一般情况,医生会采用以下几种治疗方法: ●暴露疗法:这种方法很直接,即让患者勇于面对痛苦的记忆,学会控制情绪、正视现实,这种方法有可能会造成二次伤害,因此需要医生在治疗过程中密切监督和引导。 ●认知重建疗法:让患者提高思想和信念,即纠正他们错误的思维想法,换一种心态去重新面对痛苦。 ●焦虑管理法:让他了解这件事会怎么影响生活 ●小组疗法:通过扩大交往,来降低孤独感,充实内心世界。 ●药物治疗经常作为心理治疗的辅助方法:利用一些安眠镇静剂和焦虑、抑郁类的药物,来减轻症状。 电影中,展现PTSD通常会采用夸张的描绘手法,带来戏剧冲突,也就造成了部分人对PTSD存在误解。 随着心理健康知识的普及,对于患有创伤性障碍的人群,Dr.京相信会有更多的人加以重视。他们也能得到越来越多来自身边人的理解和鼓励,让他们知道,即使有PTSD也没有什么好羞耻的。 对于他们来说,身边人的关爱和支持,会让他们感到自己是被理解的、被关爱的,会缓解他们的心理压力。 参考文献: [1]皮红英,张黎明.创伤后应激障碍的护理支持[J].解放军护理杂志,2004,21(5):49-51.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-9993.2004.05.025. [2]董强利,叶兰仙,张玉堂.创伤后应激障碍的影响因素及心理危机干预[J].精神医学杂志,2012,25(1):72-74.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-7201.2012.01.027. [3]秦虹云,季建林.PTSD及其危机干预[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2003,17(9):614-616.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-6729.2003.09.012. [4]何跃,张洪涛.创伤后应激障碍的心理学效应和心理康复[J].中国临床康复,2003,7(16):2346-2347.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1673-8225.2003.16.048.
京东健康
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安慰剂治疗9种精神障碍的不同转归:一项系统性回顾及荟萃分析
以下内容来源于pubmed。 Differential Outcomes of Placebo Treatment Across 9 Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Abstract Importance: Placebo is the only substance systematically evaluated across common psychiatric diagnoses, but comprehensive cross-diagnostic comparisons are lacking. Objective: To compare changes in placebo groups in recent high-quality randomized clinical trials (RCTs) across a broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders in adult patients. Data sources: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were systematically searched in March 2022 for the latest systematic reviews meeting predetermined high-quality criteria for 9 major psychiatric diagnoses. Study selection: Using these reviews, the top 10 highest-quality (ie, lowest risk of bias, according to the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool) and most recent placebo-controlled RCTs per diagnosis (totaling 90 RCTs) were selected, adhering to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data extraction and synthesis: Following the Cochrane Handbook, 2 authors independently carried out the study search, selection, and data extraction. Cross-diagnosis comparisons were based on standardized pre-post effect sizes (mean change divided by its SD) for each placebo group. This study is reported following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) reporting guideline. Main outcome and measure: The primary outcome, pooled pre-post placebo effect sizes (dav) with 95% CIs per diagnosis, was determined using random-effects meta-analyses. A Q test assessed statistical significance of differences across diagnoses. Heterogeneity and small-study effects were evaluated as appropriate. Results: A total of 90 RCTs with 9985 placebo-treated participants were included. Symptom severity improved with placebo in all diagnoses. Pooled pre-post placebo effect sizes differed across diagnoses (Q = 88.5; df = 8; P < .001), with major depressive disorder (dav = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.24-1.56) and generalized anxiety disorder (dav = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.06-1.41) exhibiting the largest dav. Panic disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, and mania showed dav between 0.68 and 0.92, followed by OCD (dav = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.51-0.78) and schizophrenia (dav = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.41-0.76). Conclusion and relevance: This systematic review and meta-analysis found that symptom improvement with placebo treatment was substantial in all conditions but varied across the 9 included diagnoses. These findings may help in assessing the necessity and ethical justification of placebo controls, in evaluating treatment effects in uncontrolled studies, and in guiding patients in treatment decisions. These findings likely encompass the true placebo effect, natural disease course, and nonspecific effects.
京东医生
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